ÐÏà¡±á>þÿ FHþÿÿÿ789:;<=>?@ABCDEÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Áq`ø¿ÊÃbjbjqPqP2,::å–ÿÿÿÿÿÿ¤–––––––žD-ÆšÆšÆšÆš¬r,â?Å<ªžªžªžªžªžªžªžªžÌ¬Î¬Î¬Î¬Î¬Î¬Î¬$¯hi±\ò¬–RŸªžªžRŸRŸò¬––ªžªžÆªÆªÆªRŸÚ–ªž–ªžÌ¬ÆªRŸÌ¬ÆªÆªÈª––Øªªžžž„ø«.EÅÆš,¥ÒÌªøªÔ•0ÅÒªÅ±þ©¾Å±ØªÅ±–Øª ªž¾žÆªÌžØžzªžªžªžò¬ò¬¼ª ªžªžªžÅRŸRŸRŸRŸâ?â?â?äZÆšâ?â?â?Æšª®ìš––––––ÿÿÿÿ ;020 5. ?>:0;8?A8A =>385 2>A?@8=8<0NB 8AB>@8N :0: =5:CN ?@54>?@545;5==>ABL AC4L1K =0@>40 8 3>AC40@AB20. 0 A0<>< 65 45;5 8AB>@8O ;N1>3> 3>AC40@AB20 2 G5<-B> =0?><8=05B ?CBL 40;L=53> A;54>20=8O. @54>?@545;5==K<8 O2;ONBAO 8AE>4=0O B>G:0, ?@><56CB>G=K5 AB0=F88 8 :>=5G=K9 ?C=:B =07=0G5=8O, 0 ?CB59-4>@>3 <564C ?@><56CB>G=K<8 AB0=F8O<8 B0:>5 65 <=>65AB2>, :0: 8 75<=KE ?CB59-4>@>3. ?@54>?@545;5==>AB8, :0: > =587156=>< A;54AB288, <>6=> 3>2>@8BL ;8HL ?>A;5 2K1>@0 :0:>9-B> 87 4>@>3. A;8 G5;>25: 845B 2A;5?CN, =5 @0718@0O 4>@>38, 8 A;CG09=> H03=C; 2 ?@>?0ABL, 5?@545;5=> @0718BLAO. K; 1K 2=8<0B5;L=55 - >1>H5; 1K >?0A=>5 <5AB> AB>@>=>9. AB>@8O - MB> F5?>G:0 87 <=>65AB20 725=L52, A>548=5==KE <564C A>1>9 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==K<8 A2O7O<8; 2K1>@ ?CB8 A>25@H05BAO =0 >A=>25 70:>=0 A2>1>4K 2>;8, =C 0 A;54AB285 :064>3> 2K1>@0 <>6=> AG8B0BL ?@54>?@545;5==K<. B><, :0:CN ?@>AB@0=AB25==>-2@5<5==CN :>=D83C@0F8N 1C45B 8<5BL MB0 F5?>G:0, >?OBL 65 =5B =8:0:>9 ?@54>?@545;5==>AB8. =0 <>65B 8<5BL 284 A?8@0;8, 0 <>65B 8<5BL 8 284 70<:=CB>3> :@C30 2A5 7028A8B >B A?>A>1=>AB8 :>;;5:B82=>3> A>7=0=8O =0F88 0=0;878@>20BL A2>9 ?CBL 8 45;0BL 2K2>4K, GB>1K, :0: ?@8=OB> 3>2>@8BL, =5 ?>2B>@OBL >H81>: ?@>H;>3>. "0: GB> 0;LB5@=0B82=KE 8AB>@8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 2 :064>9 AB@0=5 <=>65AB2>, 8 :064K9 20@80=B ?>;CG05B A2>N @50;870F8N 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, 2 :0:CN AB>@>=C =0?@028;8 «B5;53C» =0 75<;5. @>1;5@0 A2>53> ?CB8 @5H0;8 8 <=>385 =0H8 A:07>G=K5 1>30BK@8: =0?@02> ?>945HL :>=O ?>B5@O5HL, =0;52> ?>945HL A51O ?>B5@O5HL, ?@O<> ?>945HL AG0ABL5 =0945HL. >=OBL A2>N 8AB>@8N <>6=> ;8HL A ?@8=OB85< 0:A8> =5@07@K2=>9 A2O78 75<=KE A>1KB89 A :>A<8G5A:8<8 70:>=0<8, B0: :0: =0 75<=>< ?;0=5 =5 <>3CB ?@>8AE>48BL A>1KB8O, =5 ?@54CA<>B@5==K5 #=825@A0;L=K< >A<8G5A:8< 0:>=><. >?>;=8B5;L=>3> AC1J5:B8287<0 <>6=> 871560BL, 5A;8 A<5AB8BL 0:F5=B A >F5=:8 ;>:0;L=KE A>1KB89 (?@>8AE>4OI8E 2 40==>5 2@5< <5AB5) =0 >F5=:C &!!, 4;O G53> =04> ?@82;5GL 5I5 >4=C A>AB02;ONICN ?@>AB@0=AB25==>-2@5<5==CN, B.5. ?5@59B8 =0 B@0=AF5=45=B=>5 2845=85. 0 ?>A;54=55 BKAOG5;5B85 C7;>2K<8 ?5@5:@5AB:0<8 8AB>@8G5A:8E 4>@>3 1K;8 2@5<5=0: :=O7O ;048<8@0 (:>=5F % 25:0), 5B@0 I (:>=5F %YII 25:0), ;5:A0=4@0 I (=0G0;> %I% 25:0), 8:>;0O II (:>=5F %% 25:0) 8 .!. %@CI520 (A5@548=0 %% 25:0). =O7L ;048<8@, 1C4CG8 ?>AB02;5= ?5@54 =5>1E>48<>ABLN 2K1>@0 70:>=>2 8=48284C0;L=>3> 1KB8O, >B:070;AO >B O7KG5AB20 2 ?>;L7C E@8AB80=AB20. A5 40;L=59H85 8AB>@8G5A:85 A>1KB8O, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 250 ;5B B0B0@>-<>=3>;LA:>3> 830, 1K;8 A;54AB285< A45;0==>3> 8< 2K1>@0; >=8 8 A59G0A 5I5 40NB > A515 7=0BL. 5B@C I ?@54AB>O; 2K1>@ 70:>=>2 A>F80;L=>3> 1KB8O, 8 >= A:;>=8;AO : ?@8=OB8N 70?04=KE A>F8>:C;LBC@=KE >1@07F>2, 480<5B@0;L=> ?@>B82>?>;>6=KE 70:>AB5=52H559 ?0B@80@E0;L=>AB8 4><>AB@>52A:>AA88. 57 ?5B@>2A:>9 AB8E89=>AB8 8 15AF5@5<>==>AB8 2@O4 ;8 C40;>AL 1K @0AH525;8BL @CAA:>5 >1I5AB2> 8 ?@8>AB0=>28BL @0AH8@5=85 ?@>?0AB8 <564C >AA859 8 70?04=K<8 AB@0=0<8. 5B@ I - 548=AB25==K9 F0@L 87 B5E, =0 GLN 4>;N 2K?0;8 ?5@5;><=K5 2@5<5=0, ?@>O282H89 4>;6=CN 2>;N, GB>1 2K25AB8 :>@01;L >AA89A:>3> 3>AC40@AB20 87 A<@040 AB>OG53> 1>;>B0 =0 2>;L=K9 2>74CE. 0G0;> %I% 25:0 1K;> 8450;L=K< 2@5<5=5< 4;O <8@=>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> ?5@5CAB@>9AB20, 8 ;5:A0=4@C I ?@54AB>O; 2K1>@ 70:>=>2 3>AC40@AB25==>3> AB@>O 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>3> :C@A0. # :064>3> 87 @CAA:8E F0@59 8AB>@8:8 >B<5G0NB :0:85-B> =530B82=K5 AB>@>=K 8E 45O=89, ;8HL ;5:A0=4@ I >AB05BAO :0: 1K 2=5 :@8B8:8, 8 53> 2@5 A8E ?>@ 2>A?@8=8<05BAO 2 >@5>;5 @><0=B87<0. 1>1I0O A:070==>5, :>5-GB> > =5< O ?>2B>@N. 59AB28B5;L=>, B> 1K; AG0AB;82K9 F0@L, G5;>25: 2KA>:>9 :C;LBC@K, >= 2> <=>3>< A>459AB2>20; ?>4BO3820=8N :C;LBC@K 2KAH53> @CAA:>3> >1I5AB20 4> A2>53> C@>2=O. # >1I5AB20 1K; E>@>H89 <5=B0;L=K9 ?C;LA, >=> 68;> ?>;=>:@>2=>9 687=LN. "> 1K;0 25@H8=0 A0<>45@6028O, ?> 4>AB865=88 :>B>@>9 =0G8=05BAO A?CA: 2=87. @>2845=8N 1K;> OA=>, GB> A0<>45@60285 ?>;=>ABLN 8AG5@?0;> A51O, 40 8 ;5:A0=4@ I C<>< ?>=8<0;, GB> 8=>40B5;L=>< >1=>2;5=88, GB> ?@8H;> 2@5;NB=>5 A0<>45@60285 :>=AB8BCF8>==>9 <>=0@E859, 8 2 ?5@2K5 3>4K A2>53> ?@02;5=8O <=>3>5 @5D>@<8@>20;, => O2=> =54>AB0B>G=>. 71KB>: =5 CA2>5==KE 4> 1812 3>40 M=5@389 ?> ?>;8B8G5A:>1=>2;5=8N 8 70:>=>40B5;L=>3@5AAC ?@8BO=C; 2 >AA8N A8;C 4@C3>3> @>40 0;LB5@=0B82=CN, A :>A<8G5A:8E ?>78F89, - 0@<8N 0?>;5>=0. "0: GB> 2>9=C 1812 3>40 <>6=> AG8B0BL =587156=K< A;54AB285< =54>AB0B>G=> 0:B82=>3> >1=>2;5=8O 3>AC40@AB25==>3> AB@>O 8 2=5H=59 ?>;8B8:8 >AA88. 04=>, =5 C;>68;8AL 2 A@>: 4> 1812 3>40, 0;LB5@=0B82=>B>:C M=5@389 A 70?040 =0 2>AB>: ?@8H;>AL ?@>B82>AB>OBL :0: >::C?0F8>==>9 A8;5. > 8 ?> >:>=G0=88 2>9=K 2@5 C?CI5=>: 2>9=0 A 0?>;5>=>< ?>4=O;0 ?0B@8>B8G5A:89 4CE =0@>40 8 >1J548=8;0 53>, 8@0 ;N18;8 =0 @>48=5 8 70 3@0=8F59, :0: 2>>1I5 ;N1OB 1;03>@>4=KE ?>1548B5;59. 2KAH5< 42>@O=AB25 1K;> <=>3> >1@07>20==KE 8 A<5;KE ;N459 A ?5@54>2K<8 ?>;8B8G5A:8<8 273;O40<8, E>@>H> 7=02H8E 52@>?59A:>5 ?>;8B8G5A:>5 CAB@>9AB2> 8 3>B>2KE >B40BL >B5G5AB2C 2A5 A2>8 A8;K 8 7=0=8O. !>N7 A =8<8 =5 <>3 1@>A8BL B5=L =0 @5?CB0F8N F0@O. ;5:A0=4@C I, 5 1K;> ;8HL ?@>O28BL 8=B5@5A : 8E ?@>3@5AA82=K< 845O< 8 ?@>25AB8 @5D>@682H8EAO =0 B> 2@528OE 4065 A0=A5@20B82=K5 4><>AB@>52FK =5 ?>A<5;8 1K 2>A?@5?OBAB2>20BL 2>;5 8@0. ">340 53> A?>4286=8:8 2>H;8 1K 2 8AB>@8N =5 :0: :07=5==K5 8 AAK;L=K5 45:01@8ABK, 0 :0: ?@>3@5AA82=K5 @CAA:85 @5D>@<0B>@K. 48= 20@80=B :>=AB8BCF88 C F0@O C65 1K;, 4@C3>9 20@80=B 1K; A>AB02;5= 5AB5;5<, G5;>25:>< 8A:;NG8B5;L=>3> C<0 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 8=BC8F88. > A>N7 =5 ?>;CG8;AO, ;5:A0=4@ I ?>A;5 2>9=K :0:-B> C30A, ?>B5@O; 8=B5@5A :> 2A5< =>20F8O< 8 @5D>@<0<. .. !?5@0=A:>3>, @07@010BK20NI53> ;815@0;L=>-45<>:@0B8G5A:85 70:>=K, >= 70<5=8; @0:G552K<, 8450;>< A>F80;L=>3> CAB@>9AB20 :>B>@>3> 1K;8 2>5==K5 ?>A5;5=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, 8AB>@8G5A:8 8 ?@>2845=G5A:8 ?>43>B>2;5==>5 ?@5>1@065=85 >AA88 =5 A>AB>O;>AL. 54G09H89 H0=A 1571>;57=5==> 87<5=8BL 3>AC40@AB25==K9 AB0BCA >AA88 1K; C?CI5=, 8 ?>GB8 2A5 45O=8O ;5:A0=4@0 I ?@>?0;8 2BC=5. 5 2>8= ?> A2>59 =0BC@5, 0 <8@>;N1, >= =5 A<>3 ?@5>4>;5BL 2=CB@5==55 =5?@8OB85 03@5AA82=>9 2>8=AB25==>AB8 75<=>3> <8@0 8 CH5; 2 AB0@FK, 2>>1I5 >B:0702H8AL >B 2;0AB8. AC640BL ;8 ;5:A0=4@0 I 8;8 =5 >AC640BL =5 2 B>< 45;>. 0< =C6=> ?>=OBL A0<8E A51O, ?>=OBL A2>N 8AB>@8N, 8 ;5:A0=4@ I O2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 :;NG8:>2 MB>3> ?>=8<0=8O. !;54CNI89 8@, 8:>;09 I, 1K; D0=0B>< 01A>;NB87<0; 2A5 =>20F88 >= >B<5=8;, A 45:01@8AB0<8 @0A?@028;AO, 0 2 >AA88 CB25@48; @568< ?0;>G=>3> A0<>45@6028O. «@8AB>:@0B8G5A:0O =57028A8<>ABL, 320@459A:0O C40;L 0;5:A0=4@>2A:8E 2@5<5= 2A5 MB> 8AG57;> A 1826 3>4><& 5@2K5 45AOBL ;5B ?>A;5 1825 3>40 1K;8 AB@0H=K =5 B>;L:> >B >B:@KB>3> 3>=5=8O 2AO:>9 >B ?>;=59H59 ?CAB>BK, >1;8G82H59AO 2 >1I5AB25; >=> ?0;>, >=> 1K;> A18B> A B>;:C 8 70?C30=>. CGH85 ;N48 @073;O4K20;8, GB> ?@56=85 ?CB8 @0728B8O 2@O4 2>7<>6=K ;8, =>2KE =5 7=0;8. !5@>5 >A5==55 =51> BO65;> 8 157>B@04=> 702>;>:;> 4CHC», - ?8A0; .. 5@F5=. AO ?5@54>20O 8 ?@>3@5AA82=> 1I5AB20 >:070;0AL 2 >??>78F88 :0: : 8:>;0N I, B0: 8 : 53> @568G=>3> 01A>;NB87<0. >;8B8G5A:0O >??>78F8O, 2>A?@8=8<05<0O 2;0ABO<8 :0: AB0= 2@03>2, - MB> C65 A5@L57=>5 >A=>20=85 4;O @0A:>;0 8 >A;01;5=8O 3>AC40@AB20. >482H85AO B2>@G5A:85 8 A2>1>4=K5 4CE>< ;N48, :>B>@K5 4>;6=K 1K;8 AB0BL ?5@54>2K< 020=30@4>< >1=>2;5==>3> 3>AC40@AB20 2> 2A5E >1;0ABOE, >:070;8AL =5 C 45;, 8E =0720;8 «;8H=8<8 ;N4L<8». "> 1K;0 ?5@20O 2>;=0 «;8H=8E ;N459» (1K;0 5I5 8 2B>@0O 2>;=0, > =59 O A:06C =865). ! MB>3> 65 2@5<5=8 =0G0;AO 70:0B 42>@O=AB20, =5>1@0B8F5AA ?@52@0I5=8O 2 ?@0E 53> ?0AA82=>9 8 ?0@078B8G5A:>9 G0AB8. :B82=>5 :C?5G5AB2> 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 2KB5A=O;> 42>@O=AB2> A> 2A5E A>F80;L=KE 8 3>AC40@AB25==KE ?>78F89, 8 MB>B ?@>F5AA ?@>4>;60;AO 2?;>BL 4> @52>;NF88. "0: GB> «=>2K5 @CAA:85»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«1><1060» 8 B5@@>@0, => F0@A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2>, 2<5AB> B>3> GB>1 CAB@0=8BL ?@8G8=C MB8E O2;5=89, B.5. @5D>@<8@>20BL 402=> CAB0@52H89 ?>;8B8G5A:89 AB@>9, =0G0;> 1>@>BLAO A> A;54AB285<, >B;02;820O 1><18AB>2 8 B5@@>@8AB>2. >@>BLAO A> A;54AB28O<8, 0 =5 CAB@0=OBL ?@8G8=C MB> B0:B8:0 8 AB@0B538O ?>:0 5I5 2A53> G5;>25G5AB20. 0 ?>A;54=5< @0A?CBL5 ?> 2K1>@C =>2>9 4>@>38 >AA8O >:070;0AL : 1914 3>4C. ;O A=OB8O ?>;8B8G5A:>3> =0?@O65=8O =C65= 1K; =5AB0=40@B=K9 E>4 225AB8, :0: O C65 3>2>@8;0, 2 F0@A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 5=8=0, C65 ?>?C;O@=>3> 2 =0@>45 8 ?>43>B>2;5==>3> 4;O B0:>9 @01>BK 2 3>@074> 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8, G5< 2A5 >AB0;L=K5 :0=4840BK. -B>B ?>2>@>B =0?@02> 4065 =5;L7O =0720BL 4>@>3>9, >= 1K; >1>7=0G5= A;53:0, :0: B@>?8=:0, 8 =04> 1K;> 1KBL >G5=L 2=8<0B5;L=K< : >:@C60NI59 @50;L=>AB8, GB>1K 55 70<5B8BL. B> 4>;65= 1K; A45;0BL ?5@2K9 H03 5=8= 8;8 8:>;09 II, =5 8<55B 7=0G5=8O. 065= @57C;LB0B: >=8 =5 2>H;8 2 :>=B0:B, ?>B> A<>B@5;8 2 @07=K5 AB>@>=K, 8 >48= 4@C3>3> 2>A?@8=8<0; :0: A8;C, ?>B5=F80;L=> 2@06451=CN 8=B5@5A0< =0@>40. >, ?>E>65, GB> >B B@>?8=:8 =0?@02>, 345 - ?> A:07:0< - ?@54AB>O;> ?>B5@OBL «:>=O», B.5. ?@5AB>; 01A>;NB=>9 2;0AB8, 8:>;09 A>7=0B5;L=> >B2>48; 3;070, =5 65;0O A4020BL ?>78F88 A0<>45@6028O. 0: 1K B> =8 1K;>, >AA8O ?@>H;0 <8<> MB>9 <0;> 70<5B=>9, => 157>?0A=>9 B@>?8=:8, :>B>@0O A> 2@5<5=5< 2K25;0 1K 55 =0 H8@>:89 B@0:B ?> BCG=>9 <5AB=>AB8, 65@B2CO 2A53> ;8HL «:>=5<» 01A>;NB=>9 <>=0@E88. B=>A8B5;L=> 157>?0A=>9 4;O AB@0=K, E>BO B@C4=> ?@>E>48<>9, 1K;0 8 >:>;L=0O 4>@>30 =0;52> ?>B5@OBL «A51O». &0@AB2>20BL 8:>;09 II =8:>340 =5 <>3, 0 ?@028BL 5I5 =5 =0CG8;AO, 40 8 2@O4 ;8 1K; A?>A>15= =0CG8BLAO. 'B>1 84B8 ?> MB>9 4>@>35, 8:>;09 II 4>;65= 1K; A>25@H8BL =52>7<>6=>5 - B@0=AD>@<8@>20BLAO :0: ;8G=>ABL, >B1@>A8BL ?@56=NN ;8G8=C 8 ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 A8;L=>3> ;845@0 8 2>;52>3> @5D>@<0B>@0. ;8 >B:070BLAO >B ?@5AB>;0. !>E@0=8BL «:>=O», B.5. ?@5AB>;, <>6=> 1K;> B>;L:> F5=>9 «?>B5@8 A51O», 40 8 B> ;8HL ?@8 CA;>288, GB> 2A5 A8;K 3>AC40@AB20 1C4CB =0?@02;5=K =0 @5H5=85 2=CB@5==8E ?@>1;5<, 0 =5 2=5H=8E. !25@=CBL =0 MBC 4>@>3C =04> 1K;> 704>;3> 4> 1914 3>40, G5<5H0;0 ?>;8B8G5A:0O A;5?>B0 F0@A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20, 2A5 5I5 25@82H53> 2 2>7<>6=>ABL A>E@0=8BL <>=0@E8N 2> 3;025 A F0@5<. 0 2@5B 8:>;0O I 4> 8:>;0O II 2 >AA88 ?>GB8 =5 1K;> =8:0:>3> ?>;8B8G5A:>3> ?@>3@5AA0, 2A5 @CAA:85 8@K 1K;8 C15645=K, GB> =0@>4 3>B>2 ;>1K70BL :=CB, :>B>@K< 53> ?>BGCNB. %% 25: >=0 2AB@5B8;0 :0: AB@0=0 A D>@<0;L=> >B<5=5==K<, => @50;L=> ?@>4>;602H8< ACI5AB2>20BL 0@E08G5A:8< :@5?>AB=K< ?@02><, >?>7402 A 87<5=5=85< ?>;8B8G5A:>3> AB@>O =0 100 ;5B. AB020;AO ?>A;54=89 ?CBL 4>@>30 ?@O<>5760O, 2@>45 1K >15I0NI0O AG0ABL5, E>BO 8 A 1>;LH8<8 8745@6:0<8. > =0 B0:8E B@0:B0E, :0: 8725AB=> 87 A:07>:, 2A5340 A848B !>;>259- 071>9=8:, AE20B:8 A :>B>@K< =5 871560BL, 8 :B> :>3> >4>;55B 5I5 =58725AB=>. 0 MB>B ?@O<>9, >G5=L >?0A=K9 ?CBL, A@>: ?@>E>645=8O :>B>@>3> 1K; 8AG8A;5= 2 40 ;5B (1914-1953 3>4K), >AA8O 2ABC?8;0 A <><5=B0 =0G0;0 2>9=K A 5@<0=859 A 1 023CAB0 1914 3>40. >340 AB02:8 A45;0=K, ?>74=> GB>-B> ?5@583@K20BL. ! <><5=B0 ?@8=OB8O F0@A:8< ?@028B5;LAB2>< @5H5=8O > 2ABC?;5=88 2 1-N <8@>2CN 2>9=C <>6=> 3>2>@8BL >1 01A>;NB=>9 ?@54>?@545;5==>AB8 8AB>@8G5A:8E A>1KB89 =0 2A5 3@O4CI85 40 ;5B, 2:;NG0O @52>;NF8N, 3@0640=A:CN 2>9=C, 48:B0B>@A:89 @568<, B>@CN 8@>2CN 2>9=C 8 ?>154C !!! . >48B5;LAB2>20BL =0 MB>< ?CB8 8:>;0N II =5 1K;> 40=>, B0: :0: @>2845=8N 1K;> OA=>, GB> MB>30BK@N» 8A?KB0=8O ?@O<>57659 4>@>38 =5 ?> A8;0<. !0=:F8>=8@>20==0O @52>;NF8O 40;0 >AA88 4@C3>3> >48B5;O, => B>65 =0 :>@>B:89 A@>: 4> 1924 3>40. =0 25AL >AB0;L=>9 ?CBL 2 >AB02H85AO 30 ;5B (1924-1953 3>4K) =5>1E>48< 1K; >48B5;L A>2A5< 4@C3>3> C@>2=O. < <>3 1KBL B>;L:> !B0;8=, CA8;5==K9 «657;><» >8A5O. A;8 BKAOG5;5B=89 8AB>@8G5A:89 F8:; >AA88 70:>=G8;AO 65AB>G09H59 48:B0BC@>9, 7=0G8B ?@028B5;8 >AA88 2> 2A5 25:0 8 2@5<5=0 87 2A5E 2>7<>6=KE 20@80=B>2 ?CB8 2K18@0;8 A0;L 4>@>38 2A5 =5 B0:, 2A5 =5 B0:, :0: =04>& », - MBC :@0B:CN 8 ?>MB8G5A:8 >1@07=CN >F5=:C ;048<8@>< KA>F:8< =0H53> ?CB8 <>6=> >B=5AB8 =5 : ?>A;54=5 2A5=F5 4>@>38 B>9, :0: 8 A;54>20;> >6840BL, - ?;0E0 A B>?>@0<8. @85E0;8, :0: 3>2>@8BAO. 5AB> ?@81KB8O =>A8;> A8<2>;8G5A:>5 =0720=85 @<03544>=, 345 "@5BL548B5;N 1K;> ?@54>?@545;5=> AB>;:=CBLAO 4065 8 =5 A !>;>2L5<- 071>9=8:><, 0 A !8;>9 :C40 1>;55 <>I=>9, @07@CH8B5;L=K5 M=5@388 :>B>@>9 2 81;88 A8<2>;878@CNBAO =35;>< 574=K. 3> =35;0 =0 82@8B5 2044>=, =0 3@5G5A:>< ?>;;8>=, 0 ?5@52>4OBAO >=8 >48=0:>2> - C18B5;L. @8G5<, ?>4 C18B5;5< =04> ?>=8<0BL =5 ?5@A>=0;L=CN ;8G=>ABL, 0 2=575<=K5 :>=F5=B@8@>20==K5 M=5@388 @07@CH5=8O (?@8<5@=> :0: G5@=K5 BCG8 =0 =515), :>B>@K5 1LNB, =5 @0718@0O, :B> ?@02, :B> 28=>20B. 04> >B<5B8BL, GB> ?>=OB85 >1 @<03544>=5 <=>3>7=0G=>. @028;L=55 3>2>@8BL - >1 0?>:0;8?A8A5, B0: :0: 0?>:0;8?A8A MB> O2;5=85, 0 @<03544>= <5AB> O2;5=8O 0?>:0;8?A8A0, 8 MB8< <5AB>< <>65B AB0BL ;N10O B>G:0 75<=>3> H0@0 8 =0H59 A>;=5G=>9 A8AB5AB8 >B 7>480:0;L=>3> ?>;>65=8O ;CB>=0 8 53> 0A?5:B>2. !;>2>< 0?>:0;8?A8A >1>7=0G05BAO =0ABC?;5=85 25;8G09H53> :>;;5:B82=>3> :@878A0 8 =5>1E>48<>ABL ?@>@K20 2 =>2>5 A>AB>O=85 1KB8O. "0: GB> C@>2=59 0?>:0;8?A8A0 <>65B 1KBL A:>;L:> C3>4=> >B ;8G=>3> 4> A5;5=A:>3>, G5@57 @07;8G=K5 ?@><56CB>G=K5 ABC?5=8 A5<59=K9, =0F8>=0;L=K9, 3>AC40@AB25==K9, :>=B8=5=B0;L=K9, ?;0=5B0@=K9, 30;0:B8G5A:89 8 B.4. 81;59A:89 ?>:0;8?A8A, >?8A0==K9 2 «B:@>25=88», - MB> ?>A;54=89 0::>@4 42CE M?>E M?>E8 2=0 (2 BKAOG8 ;5B 4> =.M.) 8 M?>E8 K1 (2 BKAOG8 ;5B >B >645AB20 %@8AB>20). = 7025@H8; A8=8N E@8AB80=AB20 8 ?@>72CG0; 2 B> AB>;5B85, :>B>@>5 <. !B0;> 1KBL, O2;5=85< ?>:0;8?A8A0 7025@H8;AO ?5@8>4 687=8 =0 75<;5 ?@8<5@=> 2 4 BKAOG8 ;5B. 0 :>3>-B>, 5AB5AB25==>, 4>;6=> 1KBL 2>7;>65=> 53> 8A?>;=5=85. / =5 A?5F80;8AB ?> ">=:>3C ?@54AB028BL A515 O2;5=85 0?>:0;8?A8A0 =0 B>=:>< ?;0=5, => <>3C A>AB028BL > =5< ?@54AB02;5=85 ?> 0AB@>;>38G5A:8< 0A?5:B0<. =0B0;L=>9 :0@B5-2 >A8D0 !B0;8=0 0?>:0;8?A8A ?@54AB02;5= H5ABLN 480<5B@0<8 2@064K (0A?5:BK >??>78F88), A 2>2;5G5==>ABLN 2 =8E B0:8E 7=0G8=. -B> 459AB28B5;L=> 30;0:B8G5A:0O 18B20, @0725@=C2H0OAO >B :@0O 4> :@0O =0H59 A>;=5G=>9 A8AB53> =0@>40 1C45B 2>2;5G5=> 2 MBC 5;8:CN 8B2C <564C A8;0<8 !25B0 8 "L3> 2 =59 CG0AB2C5B 8 2=575<=KE A8;. "0: :0: 2K1>@ MB>3> ?CB8 1K; >684059 AB5?5=8 =0@O4C A <=>65AB2>< 4@C38E 20@80=B>2, =0 5<;5 >48= 70 4@C38< ?>O28;8AL 2A5 G5BK@5 2A04=8:0 ?>:0;8?A8A0 :064K9 2 A2>5 2@53> A83=0;0 > =0G0;5 ?>:0;8?A8A0, GB>1K ?@8ABC?8BL : 8A?>;=5=8N A2>59 <8AA88, 8 B0:8< A83=0;>< 1K;> @5H5=85 8:>;0O II ?@8=OBL CG0AB85 2 2>9=5 A 5@<0=859. ! MB>3> <><5=B0 8AB>@8O ?@8>1@5B05B E0@0:B5@ <8AB5@88, :>B>@0O =5 ?@54CA<0B@8205B =8 A2>1>4C G5;>25G5A:>9 2>;8, =8 ?@02> 2K1>@0. 8AB5@88 A>25@H0NBAO ?> 2=575<=>9 ;>38:5, 8 ?>B>B25BK =0 2A5 ?>G5>B25BAB288 A 75<=>9 ;>38:>9 =52>7<>6=>. >A;5 A=OB8O =35;>< ?5@2>9 ?5G0B8 >0==C 1K;> A:070=>: 848 8 A<>B@8. «/ 273;O=C;, 8 2>B, :>=L 15;K9, =0 =5< 2A04=8:, 8<5NI89 ;C:, 8 40= 1K; 5= :0: ?>154>=>A=K9, 8 GB>1K ?>1548BL» (B:@. 6:2). 3> 25=F5=>A=>3> A04=8:0 - ;048<8@ #;LO=>2-5=8=. = 4>;65= 1K; 2>73;028BL @52>;NF8N 8 ?>1548BL, 8 @>48;AO >=, :AB0B8 A:070BL, 2 3>4 5;>3> >=O (1870 3>4). >A;5 A=OB8O 2B>@>9 ?5G0B8: « 2KH5; 4@C3>9 :>=L, @K689; 8 A84OI5 1K;> 27OBL <8@ A 75<;8, 8 GB>1K C1820;8 4@C3 4@C30; 8 40= 5;LH>9 <5G» (B:@. 6:4). @>3> A04=8:0 >A8D !B0;8=, 53> @>;L 2 ?>:0;8?A8A5 OA=0 8 157 <>8E :><<5=B0@852. >A;5 A=OB8O B@5BL59 ?5G0B8: «/ 273;O=C;, 8 2>B :>=L 2>@>=>9, 8 =0 =5< 2A04=8:, 8<5NI89 <5@C 2 @C:5 A2>59» (B:@. 6:5). A04=8:0 5>@389->154>=>A5F (C:>2). 0: 8<5NI89 <5@C 2 @C:5 A2>59, >= 4>;65= 1K; 2>72@0B8BL <8@ =0 75<;N. >A;5 A=OB8O G5B25@B>9 ?5G0B8: « O 273;O=C;, 8 2>B, :>=L 1;54=K9, 8 =0 =5< 2A04=8:, :>B>@>20; 70 =8<, 8 40=0 5N G0ABLN 75<;8 C<5@I2;OBL <5G>< 8 3>;>4><, 8 <>@>< 8 725@O<8 75<=K<8» (B:@. 6:8). 3> A04=8:0 ?>:0;8?A8A0 - 4>;LD 8B;5@. @8=OB> 4C<0BL, GB> «820O -B8:0», ?> G0ABO< ?5@540205<0O ;5=>9 5@8E A 1924 ?> 1937 3>4, O2;O5BAO >A=>2>?>;030NI8< CG5=85< M?>E8 >4>;5O. > ?5@8>48G5A:8 ?>O2;ONI85AO =0 75<;5 4CE>2=K5 CG5=8O >1K:=>25==> A>45@60B 8=D>@<0F8N =5 B>;L:> ?> 4CE>2=>9 M2>;NF88 G5;>25G5AB20, => 8 ?> :>=:@5B=K< 7040G0< B5:CI53> 2@5<5=8. 5 O2;O5BAO 8A:;NG5=85< 8 «820O -B8:0», :>B>@0O =0 0?045 <0;> 8725AB=0 ?> B>9 ?@8G8=5, GB> 2 A2>59 :>=:@5B=>9 G0AB8 >B=>A8BAO B>;L:> : >AA88. 5 :0A0OAL >1I59 4CE>2=>9 AB>@>=K CG5=8O, O ?@8254C ;8HL =5:>B>@K5 2KA:07K20=8O, >B=>AOI85AO =5?>A@54AB25==> : 40==>@8G5A:>4C >AA88: « >2CN >AA8N >O ?5@20O 25ABL. !C645==>5 =5 A;CG09=>, 8 ;8ABK C?04CB 2> 2@5<5=8. > 78<0 B>;L:> 25AB=8: 25A=K. / 20A 70<:=C I8B>< B@C48B5AL». !9 25AB8 ;53G5 ?>=OBL, 5A;8 55 =5A:>;L:> 01AB@0:B=CN D>@2:C ?5@540BL >1KG=K<8 A;>20<8. @52>;NF8O, 8 B>, GB> ?@54AB>O;> ?5@568BL ?>A;5 @52>;NF88, =5 O2;ONBAO A;CG09=>ABLN. >AA8O 2>H;0 2 F8:; AC645==>9 59 =587156=>AB8, :>B>@K9 2 ?@8@>45 A>>B=>A8BAO A 78<>9, 2A5340 ?@54H5AB2CNI59 =0ABC?;5=8N 25A=K. >AA8N =0 MB> 2@5 2A5E AB>@>= 70<:=C;8 (>1;>68;8) «I8B0<8», GB>1K >=0 ?@>O28;0 A51O :0: 548=K9 >@30=87<, A?>A>1=K9 : =57028A8<>B 4@C38E AB@0= ACI5AB2>20=8N, ?> :@09=59 <5@5 =5:>B>@>5 2@5 =5>1E>48<> 4;O 2K6820=8O, =0E>48;>AL 2=CB@8 55, => MB> «2A5» 4>;6=> 1K;> 1KBL O2;5=> B@C4>2K< ?>4283>< =0F88. >;=0O =57028A8<>ABL >B >:@C65=8O =5>1E>48<0 4;O ?@>O2;5=8O A>25@H5==>9 C25@5==>AB8 2 A515. @8<5@=> B0: 2K3;O48B ?5@5E>4 25@1;N40 G5@57 ?CABK=N: >:@C60NI0O 53> ?CABK=O =8G53> =5 <>65B 5 25@1;N4C =5>1E>48<> 4;O 2K6820=8O, =0E>48BAO 2=CB@8 53> >@30=87<0 - <0B5@8O 53> A>1AB25==>3> 3>@10, :>B>@0O 1C45B ?8B0BL 53>, ?>:0 >= =5 ?@5>4>;55B ?CABK=N. > >:>=G0=88 MB>3> ?5@5E>40 2A5 «;8ABK» C?04CB, B.5. 70:>=K 1KB8O 2 >AA88 ?5@5<5=OBAO. #B>G=OO A8BC0F8N 8 E0@0:B5@ 2@5<5=8, ;5=0 5@8E ?8H5B: «@<03544>= C65 =0G0;AO :>=5F B@84F0BL ?5@2>3> 3>40 >B:@K; 5;8:CN 8B2C MB> =5 A:@K20; >B 20A, ?>B>65B 1KBL A59G0A >:>=G0=8O A@065=8O 4> ?>154=>3> @5H5=8O. >=5G=>, 2A5 >ICI5=8O 18B2K >B@060NBAO =0 A5@4F5, :>340 ?K;0NI0O 5=B03@0<<0 4>;6=0 1KBL 2>74283=CB0 :0: I8B. 5 =C6=> C482;OBLAO, :0: =03@><>640NBAO A>1KB8O, 81> 18B20 75<=0O A;54C5B 70 =515A=>9. >6=> A:070BL > >8=AB25 515A=><, >1 @E8AB@0B835 8E08;5, > O2;5=88 >48B5;O CB25@645==>3> 8 > 2A5E AMB>2>@N >AB>@>6=>ABL& >A<8G5A:89 03=8B ?@82;5:05B 2A5 A<5I052>1@07><, 2A5 >B682H85 M=5@388 A<5I0NBAO, CABC?0O <5AB> =>2K<. >B>9AB25==K5 A8;K B5@ONBAO 2 :>A<8G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5. ">;L:> !25B 8 "L<0 O2;ONBAO ?@>B82>?>;>65=85< 8 =0?@O30NBAO 2 :>A<8G5A:>9 18B25, ?>B> G5B:> =0AKI0BL >3=5< ?@82;5G5=8O 8 2A5< 8< 8A:0BL !25B0 ?@>B82 G5@=>9 ;>68. C6=> >1>@>=8BLAO ?@540==>ABLN, A>7=0=85< 5@0@E88 8 45@70BL ?@>B82 "L A;KH8B5 > 18B25, O2;5==>9 A8;0<8 "L48B5AL 2 A5@548=5 55. >8AB8=5, !0<8 5@0@E88 ?@8=O;8 CG0AB85 2 18B25, B5< A;02=55 1C45B ?>1540. > 45@68B5 C:C >N :0: O:>@L. 5 1C4C 3>2>@8BL > AB@0H=>9 >?0A=>AB8 157 ?@8G8=K. >B>25=8O, GB>1K A>548=8BLAO, 8, >AB0282 ?@>H;>5, CAB@5<8BLAO : 1C4CI5 2 18B25. 04> ?><=8BL, GB> 25;8: ?>G5B A>9B8AL A 5;8:0=0<8 ;0! =0N =0?@O65=85 20H5, => ?@8<8B5 53> :0: A2OI5==>5 2>7=5A5=85. >=8B5 2A5 7;>5 8 B5<=>5. @87K209B5 5=O G0AB>, :>340 C3@>605B O2;5=8N !25B0. ><=8B5 5@0@E8N!.. I5 =5 A:070=> > =0G0;5 5;8:>9 8B2K, :0: C65 :B>-B> GC2AB2C5B A51O CAB0;K<. 'B> 65 A:065B, :>340 C2848B 15AG8A;5==KE 2>8=>2 2@065A:8E? 0640O .30 8<55B 7=0G8B5;L=>5 2@5: ?>43>B>28B5;L=K9, => <>3CB 1KBL CA:>@5=8O, :>B>@K5 4>;6=K =5>1KG09=> =03=5B0BL 2A5 A8;K. 5;8:CN @5H0NICN 8B2C =5;L7O ?>=8<0BL :0: B>;L:> 2>9=C. /2;5=85 8B2K B>9 3>@074> 3;C165, =0 ?@>B5G5B ?> 2A5=:>;L:> 2 A@065=8OE, => 8 2 =51K20;KE AB>;:=>25=8OE =0@>4=KE. @0=8FK <564C A@060NI8<8AO 1C4CB B0: 65 8728;8ABK, :0: <564C 4>1@>< 8 7;><& 5;8:0O 8B20 1C45B ?5@2K< 725=>< A>548=5=8O <8@>2. "0:, <>6=> >6840BL A:>@KE 459AB289 ?> 2A5< =0?@02;5=8O<. !>B@C4=8G5AB2> 2 MB>9 8B25 8<55B 3@><04=>5 7=0G5=85. #65 B5?5@L 725740 ?K;0NI53> A5@4F0 ?@8=>A8B ?><>IL 1>;LHCN. C6=> 1KBL >G5=L =0?@O65==K< 2 4=8 8B2K. >=5G=>, >=0 =5 8A:;NG05B 2A5E ?@>G8E @01>B :064>3> 4=O, => =C6=> ?@8 :064>9 @01>B5 ?><=8BL > ?>A;0=88 55 =0 ?>;L7C !25B0. "0:65 ?@8 :064>9 2@065A:>9 AB@5;5 =C6=> A>7=020BL, GB> ?@8=OB MB>B C40@ 2> 89 8B2K& 0 :@5AB5 ?>;0305BAO AG0ABL5 <8@0. /4>< 8A?8205BAO 1C4CI55 G5;>25G5AB20. 8HL 87 A>1AB25==>3> ?5?;0 2>7@>6405BAO D5=8:A. @>2LN A2>53> A5@4F0 ?5;8:0= ?8B05B 45B5=KH59. "0: B@0=AD>@<8@C5BAO 2KAH0O M=5@38O, ;560I0O 2 >A=>25 @>645=8O <8@>2. "0:, :>340 3>2>@8; 20< > =03@C65=88 =5?><5@=><, ?@54C:07K20; 20< > 2KAH59 M=5@388, A>740==>9 ;8HL =0?@O65=85<. >340 3>2>@8; > A?0A8B5;L=>< BG0O=8O, ?@54C:07K20; ;8HL ?CBL :@0BG09H89. "0: >A340 ;8HL MB8< ?CB5< <8=C5< 2A5 7;>1=K5 CAB@0H5=8O. B> 65 ?@54?>GB5B B8E>5 3=85=85 A25B;>;5BC? ">;L:> H8@>:8< ?>;5B>< <>6=> 4>AB8GL 15@530 !25B0& 4=8 @<03544>=0 2A5 M=5@388 >A>15==> =0?@O65=K. @8BO65=85 2A5E 2>7<>6=>AB59 4;O 459AB28O 1;030 B@51C5B 25;8:>3> =03=5B0=8O. AB8==>, 2A5 :>A<8G5A:85 A8;K 459AB2CNB, A>74020O 2A5 =C6=K5 CA;>28O. 0: ?@>A=5BAO A>7=0=85 157 B>;G:0, 157 AB@5<;5=8O : ?5@5<5=5 =0AB>OI53> 1KB0? 54L AB@>8B5;8 =5ACB 2AN BO3>ABL ?@>8AE>4OI53>, 8 ACI5AB25==> >A>7=0BL, GB> 25;8:0 18B20 @<03544>=0 8 B0: 65 25;8:8 2A5 AB@>8B5;L=K5 O2;5=8O 4;O 25;8:>3> ;0=0. >B>< 1C45< 1;03>A;>2;OBL 2A5E ?@5?OBAB2CNI8E, 81> 0H8 M=5@388 @072820NBAO 8 ?@8>1I0NBAO : AB@>8B5;LAB2C A25B;>AOB =5;L7O ;8 157 :0B0:;87<>2? 5;L7O ;8 157 C60A>2 8 154AB289? 5;L7O ;8 157 AB@040=89? K =0?><=8< =03@><>645=8O ?@>AB@0=AB25==K5 8 ?>@>645=8O G5;>25G5A:85, :>B>@K5 4>;6=K 1KBL 8A:C?;5=K. "0: !8;K !25B0 O2;ONB 701>BK > 25;8:>9 B@0=A3=5==>9. "0: =0 ?CB8 : 8@C 3=5==> ?><=8BL, GB> 2> 2@5=0 ?@>8AE>48B >G8I5=85 ?@>AB@0=AB20» (820O MB8:0. 71@0==>5. ., 74-2> « 5A?C1;8:0», 1992) ?>:0;8?A8A, >?8A0==K9 2 B:@>25=88 >0==0 >3>A;>20, :0: 8 ;N1>5 :>A<8G5A:>5 O2;5=85, :0: O C65 3>2>@8;0, 8<55B <=>65AB2> C@>2=59 >B ;8G=>3> 4> 2A5;5=A:>3>. ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 %% 25:0 :0;8?A8A. 5 70B@03820O 8=K5 20@80=BK 8 <0AHB01K ?>:0;8?A8A0, O ?@8254C 8 ?@>:><<5=B8@CN =5:>B>@K5 >A>15==>AB8 ?5@568B>3> ?;0=5B0@=>3> ?>:0;8?A8A0, ?@5420@8B5;L=> =0?><=82 > 70:>=5 A>>B25BAB28O 8 ?>4>18O GB> =025@EC, B> 8 2=87C. "@8 154K 3>B>28; ?>:0;8?A8A. 5@20O 1540 2 2845 «A0@0=G8» - ?@8H;0, :>340 2>AB@C18; ?5@2K9 =35;: « ?> 284C A2>54>1=0 :>=O<, ?@83>B>2;5==K< =0 2>9=C; 8 =0 3>;>20E C =59 :0:-1K 25=FK, ?>E>685 =0 7>;>BK5, ;8F0 65 55 :0: ;8F0 G5;>25G5A:85; ...0 =59 1K;8 1@>=8, :0:-1K 1@>=8 65;57=K5, 0 HC< >B :@K;L52 55 :0: ABC: >B :>;5A=8F, :>340 <=>65AB2> :>=59 1568B =0 2>9=C» (B:@. 9:7,9). 0: OA=>284OI89 >0== 2>A?@8=O; 10B0;88 5@2>9 8@>2>9 2>9=K, B0: 8 ?5@540; 8E 2 A2>5< «B:@>25=88». «4=> 3>@5 ?@>H;>; 2>B 84CB 70 =8< 5I5 420 3>@O» (B:@. 9:12). B>@K< 3>@5< 1K;0 @52>;NF8O 8 3@0640=A:0O 2>9=0. « O28;>AL =0 =515 25;8:>5 7=0<5=85 65=0, >1;5G5==0O 2 A>;=F5; ?>4 =>30<8 55 ;C=0, 8 =0 3>;>25 55 25=5F 87 425=04F0B8 72574. =0 8<5;0 2> G@525 8 :@8G0;0 >B 1>;59 8 645=8O. 4@C3>5 7=0<5=85 O28;>AL =0 =515: 2>B 1>;LH>9 :@0A=K9 4@0:>= 8 A5;>20<8 8 45AOBLN @>30<8, 8 =0 3>;>20E 53> A5AB 53> C2;5: A =510 B@5BLN G0ABL 72574 8 ?>25@3 =0 75<;N. @0:>= A59 AB0; ?@54 65=>N, :>B>@>9 =04;560;> @>48BL, 401K, :>340 >=0 @>48B, ?>6@0BL 55 <;045=F0. @>48;0 >=0 <;045=F0 3> ?>;0, :>B>@>4K 657;>< 65;57=K<; 8 2>AE8I5=> 1K;> 48BO 55 : >3C 8 ?@5AB>;C 3>» (B:@. 12:1-5). @0B:89 :><<5=B0@89. >40<8 «<;045=F0» >AA8O , 402=> :@8G0;0 >B 1>;59 8 645=8O. @8B8G5A:8< 4;O =55 1K; 1916 3>4 - 3>4 @0A=>3> @0:>=0, :>340 <=>3> 2@03>2 AB>O;> ?5@54 «65=>N», 3>B>2KE «?>6@0BL» @>640NI53>AO «<;045=F0». > 2 1917 3>4C «<;045=5F» 2A5 65 @>48;AO, ?>;CG82 >B >30 70I8BC 8 ?@02> «?0AB8» 2A5 =0@>4K 40==>3> @538>=0 «657;>< 65;57=K<», :0: 2?>A;54AB288 8 1K;>. #?>;>2 8 45AOBL @>3>2 - MB> >1@07=>5 2>A?@8OB85 OA=>284OI8< >0==>< @8AC=:0 72574=>3> =510 2 3>4 @0A=>3> @0:>=0, B0: GB> 4065 A0<> =0720=85 :@0A=K5 =5;L7O AG8B0BL A;CG09=K<. A>15==> =0?@O65==K< 8 @0O ?>;>28=0 1916 3>40, =0G8=0O A A5=BO1@O, :>340 C=0 2>H;0 2 A>548=5=85 A 0@A>< 2 7=0:5 5A>2, 0 =0E>482H89AO 2 7=0:5 0:0 %2>AB @0:>=0 (8AE>4OI89 C75;) «C2;5:» A =510 B@5BLN G0ABL 72574 !0BC@=, 5=5@C, '5@=CN C=C 8 5?BC=. -B0 :0@B8=0 E>@>H> 284=0 =0 72574=>9 :0@B5, A>AB02;5==>9 =0 1 A5=BO1@O 1916 3>40. @0A=K9 @0:>= >B:@K; 2KE>4 ?>402;O5BO65=88 BKAOG8 ;5B :@0A=K< M=5@38O<, >=8 3>B>2K 1K;8 27>@20BLAO ?>4>1=> 2C;:0=C 8 8AB5GL =0 75<;N ;020<8 @0A=>3> =520. 7 5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, 2 :>B>@CN >AA8O 22O70;0AL, ?>4402H8AL =0 ?@>2>:0F88, 59 =04> 1K;> 2K9B8 =0 ;N1KE CA;>28OE; 70?;0B82 70 A2>N >H81:C. 5=8= B0: 8 A45;0; - 70:;NG8; @5ABA:89 <8@ A 1>;LH8<8 B5@@8B>@80;L=K<8 ?>B5@O<8, 8 ?>74=55 1K; >128=5= 2 B><, GB> 459AB2>20; :0: H?8>= 2 ?>;L7C 5@<0=88. 0 A0<>< 45;5 =5 =0H0 B> 1K;0 2>9=0, 8 =5 70:;NG8 >AA8O <8@, ?@8H;>AL 1K 59 A?>;=0 8A?KB0BL ?>7>@ ?>@065=8O 8 ?>B5@OBL 3>@074> 1>;LH5, G5< ?@8 @5ABA:>< <8@5. B5@@8B>@80;L=K5 2K3>4K :0:>9-;81> AB@0=K 2 B> 2@53> 7=0G5=8O, ?>B> 2A:>@5 2A5 4>;6=> 1K;> 87<5=8BLAO. >:0 >AA8O A?@02;O;0AL A =020;82H8<8AO =0 =55 ?5@2K<8 42C 4;O 2A5E 2K7@520;0 B@5BLO 1540. 4>;LD 8B;5@ =5 E>B5; =8 A;C68BL 2 0@<88, =8 2>520BL, >= 2AOG5A:8 871530; 2>8=A:>9 A;C61K, => ?>A;5 2ABC?;5=8O 2 2>9=C 2 1914 3>4C @CAA:>9 0@<88 2A5 65 1K; ?@8720= =0 D@>=B. 5>6840==> 4;O =53> A0<>3> 2>9=0 ?@8=5A;0 5;3>640==>5 87102;5=85 >B 2A5E =5C40G 8 @07>G0@>20=89. = A;C68; 2 1020@A:>< ?>;:C, 70 E@01@>ABL 8 >A>1>5 35@>9AB2> 1K; =03@0645= >@45=>< 5;57=>3> :@5AB0, 4>A;C68;AO 4> :0?@0;0. >A;5 2>9=K, =5 65;0O ?@8A?>A01;820BLAO : <8@=>9 687=8, >AB0;AO A;C68BL 2 0@<88. AB0;L=>5 8725AB=>. &8D@K-?5@525@BKH8 2A5340 2708<>A2O70=K, :0: 75@:0;L=> >B@065==K5 @50;88: GB> >AA8O ?>A5O;0 2 1914 3>4C, B> 4>;6=0 1K;0 ?>60BL 2 1941 3>4C. /A=>284OI50==C >3>A;>2C B@5BLO 1540 ?@54AB028;0AL 2 >1@075 725@O: « AB0; O =0 ?5A:5 <>@A:>< 8 C2845; 2KE>4OI53> 87 <>@O 725@O A A5;>20<8 8 45AOBLN @>30<8; =0 @>30E 53> 1K;> 45AOBL 48045<, 0 =0 3>;>20E 53> 8<5=0 1>3>EC;L=K5. 25@L, :>B>@>3> O C2845;, 1K; ?>4>15= 10@AC; =>38 C =53> :0: C <54254O, 0 ?0ABL C =53> :0: ?0ABL C ;L20; 8 40; 5= A8;C A2>N 8 ?@5AB>; A2>9 8 25;8:CN 2;0ABL» (B:@. 13:1,2). @0B:89 :><<5=B0@89. !2>N A8;C 25@L ?>:0;8?A8A0 ?>;CG0; >B @0:>=0 42064K - 2 1928 3>4C 5;B>3> @0:>=0 (=0G0;> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 :0@L5@K 4>;LD0 8B;5@0, 70:>=G82H55AO 871@0=85< 53> 2 1933 3>4C :0=F;5@>< 5@<0=88) 8 21940 3>4C 5;>3> @0:>=0, ?>B>=8 8 =07K20;8AL 15;K5. 1940 3>4C 8B;5@ =01@0; <0:A8<0;L=CN A8;C, :0: 5AL, 2?>;=5 4>AB0B>G=CN, GB>1K ?>:>@8BL 25AL <8@. ?8A0==>0==>< >3>A;>2>< «725@N» A>>B25BAB2C5B @8AC=>: 72574=>3> =510 =0 <><5=B «@>645=8O» 5;>3> @0:>=0 - 8 D52@0;O 1940 3>40. >;CG82 «?@5AB>;» 8 «25;8:CN 2;0ABL», 2 MB>B 3>4 >= ?>GB8 157 A>?@>B82;5=8O 702>520; 2AN 2@>?C. ;O 25@O >9=K MB> 1K; A0154>=>A=K9 3>4. / ?>4G5@:820N, GB> ?>4 «725@5<» 745AL ?>4@07C<5205BAO =5 :>=:@5B=> 4>;LD 8B;5@, =0 53> <5AB5 <>3 >:070BLAO ;N1>9, 0 A>2>:C?=K5 :>A<8G5A:85 M=5@388 @0:>=0, ?8B02H85 25@O >9=K. « 4828;0AL 2AO 75<;O, A;54O 70 725@5<; 8 ?>:;>=O;8AL 4@0:>=C, :>B>@K9 40; 2;0ABL 725@N. ?>:;>=O;8AL 725@N, 3>2>@O: :B> ?>4>15= 725@N A5 <>65B A@078BLAO A =82>@OI85 3>@4> 8 1>3>EC;L=>, 8 40=0 520BL A>@>: 420 <5AOF0... 40=> 5 25AB8 2>9=C A> A2OBK<8 8 ?>1548BL 8E; 8 40=0 1K;0 5;5=>< 8 =0@>4><, 8 O7K:>< 8 ?;5<5=5<...» (B:@. 13:3-5,7). ><<5=B8@>20BL >A>15==> =5G53>, 2A5 E>@>H> ?><=OB, :0: 2 5@<0=88 ?>:;>=O;8AL 25@N >9=K 8 :0: >= 1KAB@> >1@5B0; 2;0ABL =04 2A5<8 =0@>40<8, O7K:0<8 8 ?;5<5=0<8. =B5@5A=0 >3>2>@:0 > B><, GB> 2;0ABL 5;L:> =0 A>@>: 420 <5AOF0. !G8B05<: 12 <5AOF52 1940 3>40 + 12 <5AOF52 1941 3>40 + 12 <5AOF52 1942 3>40 + 6 <5AOF52 1943 3>40 = 42 <5AOF0. 8N;5 1943 3>40 2> B>@>9 8@>2>9 2>9=5 =0ABC?8; ?5@5;><, 8 4;O 2A5E AB0;> >G5284=>, GB> 25@L >9=K 4>;LD0 8B;5@0 >1@5G5= =0 ?>@065=85. « C2845; O 4@C3>3> 725@O, 2KE>4OI53> 87 75<;8; >= 8<5; 420 @>30, ?>4>1=K5 03=G8<, 8 3>2>@8; :0: 4@0:>=. = 459AB2C5B ?5@54 =8< A> 2A5N 2;0ABLN ?5@2>3> 725@O 8 70AB02;O5B 2AN 75<;N 8 682CI8E =0 =59 ?>:;>=OBLAO ?5@2>B>@>3> A<5@B5;L=0O @0=0 8AF5;5;0. B2>@8B 25;8:85 7=0<5=8O, B0: GB> 8 >3>=L =872>48B A =510 =0 75<;N ?5@54 ;N4L<8. GC45A0<8, :>B>@K5 40=> 1K;> 5@8BL ?@54 725@5<, >= >1>;LI05B 682CI8E =0 75<;5, GB>1K >=8 A45;0;8 >1@07 725@O, :>B>@K9 8<55B @0=C >B <5G0 8 682. >= A45;0; B>, GB> 2A5< <0;K< 8 25;8:8<, 1>30BK< 8 =8I8<, A2>1>4=K< 8 @010< ?>;>65=> 1C45B =0G5@B0=85 =0 ?@02CN @C:C 8E 8;8 =0 G5;> 8E. GB> =8:>:C?0BL, =8 ?@>4020BL, :@><5 B>3>, :B> 8<55B MB> =0G5@B0=85, 8;8 8 8<5=8 53>. 45AL ABL. B> 8<55B C<, B>B A>GB8 G8A;> 725@O, 81> MB> G8A;> G5;>25G5A:>5; G8A;> 53> 666» (B:@. 13:11-14,16,17). @0B:89 :><<5=B0@89. 10 725@O 81;859 ?@54AB02;ONBAO 42>9AB25==> :0: :>=:@5B=K5 3>4K 8 :0: :>;;5:B82=K5 M=5@388 =0@>4>2, 24>E=>2;5==K5 <5=5< A2>53> >64O. >4 B>@K< 25@5< ?>4@07C<520NBAO A>2>:C?=K5 A8;K, ?@>B82>AB>OI85 5@2>53> >64O =0 CAB0E, B.5. @CAA:>5 2>8=AB2>, 0 B0:65 :>=:@5B=K9 1943 3>4, :>340 5@2K9 25@L ?>;CG8; A<5@B5;L=CN @0=C, => 2A5 65 >?@028;AO 8 ?@>4>;60; 18BLAO. 1@07 B>@>3> 25@O >0== >3>A;>2 2>A?@8=O; 2 2845 3=F0 A 3>;>A>< @0:>=0. -B> 8 5ABL 1943 3>4 3>4 '5@=>9 >2FK (:>7K 8;8 03=F0), 8 2 0::C@0B 4> 8N=O C 5@:C@8O A>E@0=O;AO 0A?5:B A5:AB8;O A ;CB>=><, GB> 8 ?@84020;> 3>;>AC 3=F0 C25@5==>ABL 8 A8;C 3>;>A0 @0:>=0. A 8N;O >1@07>20;AO A5:AB8;L <564C ;CB>=>< 8 5?BC=><, 8 A8;0 25@O >9=K AB0;0 ?5@5B5:0BL =0 AB>@>=C @CAA:>3> 2>8=AB20. # @CAA:8E 2>8=>2 : B> 8 ?5@5?;028;>AL, 8AG57 AB@0E B0: 1K205B ?>A;5 B>3>, :>340 ?5@5ABC?05HL 70 G5@BC, >B45;ONICN 687=L >B A<5@B8, 40 8 >?KB0 =01@0;8AL. >B B>340 =0H0 0@<8O 8 =0G0;0 B2>@8BL «25;8:85 7=0<5=8O» :0BNH0<8 =872>48BL >3>=L A =510 =0 75<;N =0 2A5E, C :>3> «=0 ?@02>9 @C:5 8;8 =0 G5;5» 1K;> =0G5@B0=> G8A;> ?5@2>3> 725@O 666. > A5@548=0 1943 3>40 ?@54>?@545;8;0 =5 B>;L:> ?5@5;>< 2 2>9=5, ?@>87>H5; ?5@5;>< 8 2> 2=CB@5==59 AB@C:BC@5 !!! . 1@07=> 3>2>@O, =5GB> @074@>1;5==>5, >15AA8;5==>5 1540<8, 70B@02;5==>5, 705 ?5@5?;028;>AL 8 ?@52@0B8;>AL 2 B5?5@L C65 459AB28B5;L=> =5A>:@CH8<>5 548=AB2>. >6=> AG8B0BL, GB> =>2>5 3>AC40@AB2> ?>-=0AB>OI5:@5?;> ;8HL A A5@548=K 1943 3>40. '8A;> 666 8<55B ?@O<>5 >B=>H5=85 : =0F8ABA:>9 A20AB8:5; >=0 8<55B =0G5@B0=85, ?@8 :>B>@>< 2@0I5=85 2>7<>6=> B>;L:> 2 ;52CN AB>@>=C ?@>B82CA>;>=L, 2 =0?@02;5=88 @07@CH5=8O 687=8, 0 A0<0 687=L A8<2>;878@C5BAO ?;0=5B>9 5<;O 8 G8A;>< 6. "@8 H5AB5@:8 MB> ?>B5=F80; 1>;LH>9 F5;5=0?@02;5==>9 @07@CH8B5;L=>9 A8;K, =5 8<5NI59 >B=>H5=8O : 5AB5AB25==K< F8:;0< 687=8 8 A<5@B8. > B0: :0: 2A5 181;59A:85 A8<2>;K <=>3>7=0G=K, B> 8 C G8A;0 666 5ABL <=>65AB2> ?@8:;04=KE 20@80=B>2 @50;870F88, B>;L:> 2>B @57C;LB0B C =8E 548= ?>B5@8, @07@CH5=8O, 725@AB20, ?@0E, B;5=. >4K, 2 :>B>@KE D83C@8@CNB H5AB5@:8 8 452OB:8 (?5@525@=CBK5 H5AB5@:8), 4;O >AA88 2A5340 B@038G=K, :0: 1C4B> 2 MB8 3>4K 8 2 A0<>< 45;5 2KE>48B 25@L @07@CH5=8O, GB> 4> =5:>B>@>9 AB5?5=8 <>6=> >1JOA=8BL 2;8O=85< '5@=>9 C=K, =0E>4OI59AO =0 A2>5< ?>ABC =0 66->< 3@04CA5 2>AB>G=>9 4>;3>BK (6-9 3@04CA ;87=5F>2). @8254C ;8HL =5A:>;L:> ?@8<5@>2. 966 3>4 =0G0;> BO65;>9 :@>2>?@>;8B=>9 2>9=K 4@C68=K !2OB>A;020 A 870=B859, 70:>=G82H59AO 15AG5AB=K< C189AB2>< :=O7O ?@8 2>72@0I5=88 53> 2 AB>;L=K9 852-3@04. 999 3>4 ?@>A0G820=85 =0 CAL E@8AB80=A:>9 25@K 2870=B89A:>3> >1@07F0 A> 2A5<8 A>?CBAB2CNI8<8 >BO3>I5=8O<8 8 ?@>:;OB8O<8, =0G0;> B@02;8 O7KG5AB20 8 O7KG=8:>2, 1@0B 2?5@2K5 ?>4=8<05B @C:C =0 1@0B0, ?>2A5<5AB=K5 :07=8 2>;E2>2. 1066-1069 3>4K =0G0;> @074@>1;5=8O CA8 87-70 @5;838>7=KE 8 :=O65A:8E @0A?@59, C?@074=5=85 70?>2540==>3> /@>A;02>< C4@K< A2>40 70:>=>2 @CAA:>3> 1KB8O - « CAA:>9 @024K», ?>@065=85 CA8 2 1>OE A N6=K<8 (?>;>2FK, ?5G5=538) 8 A A525@=K<8 2@030<8. 1666-1669 3>4K =081>;55 B@038G5A:85 3>4K =0H59 8AB>@88 2 ?5@8>4 F0@AB2>20=8O ;5:A5O "8H09H53>, «E@8AB>;N1F0» 8 «4>1@>=@020»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«2KG8A;8;» 5B@0 I :0: =B8E@8AB0, :>B>@K9 O:>1K ?>3C18B <8@, 0 A51O «2KG8A;8;» :0: !?0A8B5;O 8@0. 03>2>@, :>B>@K9 AB028; A2>59 F5;LN >BAB@0=5=85 5B@0 I >B 2;0AB8 8 53> C189AB2>, 1K; @0A:@KB, 2A5 53> CG0AB=8:8 ;81> :07=5=K, ;81> >B?@02;5=K 2 15AA@>G=CN AAK;:C. >A;5 MB>3> 5B@ I 8 C?@074=8; =57028A8<>ABL 4CE>25=AB20, 0B@80@H5AB2> 70<5=8; !8=>4><, ?>;=>ABLN ?>4G8=5==K< 2KAH59 3>AC40@AB25==>9 2;0AB8. 1796-1799 3>4K =5<5F:89 703>2>@, 2>73;02;O5<, AB02;5==8:>< @CAA88 2 >AA88, 8 ?>445@68205=0<8, 70:>=G82H89AO >B@02;5=85< 8@0 02;0 I. 1966 3>4 :>=5F E@CI52A:>9 «>BB5?5;8», ?@>G=>5 2>F0@5=85 B8E>3> 1@56=52A:>3> <>=AB@0, A5@8O :@C?=KE 75<;5B@OA5=89, 2 B>< G8A;5 "0H:5=BA:>5, ?>;=>ABLN @07@CH82H55 3>@>4 (2 MB>B 3>4, :AB0B8 A:070BL, <5@8:0 =0G0;0 2>9=C A L5B=0<><). 1996 -1999 3>4K ?>;=K9 :>;;0?A >AA88, 3>AC40@AB25==K9, ?>;8B8G5A:89 8 M:>=><8G5A:89 :@0E :0: @57C;LB0B 5;LF8=A:>9 =50=45@B0;LA:>9 ?>;8B8:8, 3@0156, @07>@5=85 AB@0=K, 2A?KH:0 ?@5ABC?=>AB8 8 =0@:><0=88, :@8<8=0;, <0AA>2K5 A0<>C189AB20, ?@>1C645=85 «725@O»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« 273;O=C; O, 8 2>B, 3=5F AB>8B =0 3>@5 !8>=5, 8 A 8< AB> A>@>: G5BK@5 BKAOG8, C :>B>@KE 8 =0?8A0=> =0 G5;0E. CA;KH0; O 3>;>A A =510, :0: HC< >B <=>65AB20 2>4 8 :0: 72C: A8;L=>3> 3@><0. =8 ?>NB :0: 1K =>2CN ?5A=L ?@54 ?@5AB>;>< 8 ?@54 G5BK@LB=K<8 8 AB0@F0<8; 8 =8:B> =5 <>3 =0CG8BLAO A59 ?5A=8, :@><5 A8E AB0 A>@>:0 G5BK@5E BKAOG, 8A:C?;5==KE >B 75<;8. -B> B5, :>B>@K5 =5 >A:25@=8;8AL A 65=0<8, 81> >=8 452AB25==8:8; MB> B5, :>B>@K5 A;54CNB 70 3=F5<, :C40 1K = =8 ?>H5;. =8 8A:C?;5=K >B 75<;8 :0: ?5@25=FK >3C 8 3=FC. 2 CAB0E 8E =5B ;C:02AB20; >=8 =5?>@>G=K ?@54 ?@5AB>;>< >6L8<». (B:@. 14:1-5). ><<5=B0@89. '8B0N AB@>:8 > B><, :0:CN ?5A=N ?>NB 8A:C?;5==K5 >B 75<;8, B.5. B5, :B> 871560; A<5@B8 2 18B25 A> 25@5< >9=K 8 ?@540=8O 75<;5, 0 2 CH0E 72CG8B: «CABL O@>ABL 1;03>@>4=0O 2A:8?05B :0: 2>;=0, 845B 2>9=0 =0@>4=0O, A2OI5==0O 2>9=0». 5;8 8 4@C385 ?5A=8, :>B>@KE =5 ?5; =8:B>, :@><5 MB8E AB0 A>@>:0 G5BK@5E BKAOG (8;8 <8;;8>=>2 @07=8FK =5B) A8<2>;8G5A:>5 G8A;> ?>;=>ABLN ?@>O2;5==KE A8; A25B0. @C3>9 <><5=B. 7 <8D>2 8 A:07>: ;N1>3> 45<>=0 >1KG=> ?>156405B 452AB25==8: 8;8 452AB25==8F0, ?>A:>;L:C ACBL ?@>B82>AB>O=8O A8; BL<, GB> A25B @0AA58205B BL 1;03>40@O A2>59 ?@8@>45. > B>@>9 8@>2>9, ?>8AB8=5 AB@0H=>9, =>A82H59 E0@0:B5@ <8AB5@88, MB>28N 4>;6=> 1K;> A>>B25BAB2>20BL <=>65AB2> ;N459, B0: :0: >45@60BL ?>154C =04 25@5< >9=K <>3 B>;L:> =0@>4 452AB25==K9 8 =5 ;C:02K9, ?@8G5<, ?>4 «=5 ;C:02K<» ?>=8<05BAO 4CH0 =5 B>;L:> ?@>AB0O 8 15AE8B@>AB=0O, => 8 A2>1>4=0O >B 4LO2>;LA:8E =020645=89 15AA9 65AB>:>AB8, <0@>45@AB20, =0A;0645=8O ?@02>< C1820BL. >8=AB2> @CAA:>5 1K;> ?>445@60=> KAH59 >;59 B>;L:> ?>B> A>>B25BAB2>20;> MB8< :@8B5@8O<. <5==> B0:8< 70?><=8;AO 2A5< AB@0=0< 8 :>=B8=5=B0< =0H 2>8=, @CAA:89 20=. >A:>;L:C 157 2K?>;=5=8O MB>3> >1O70B5;L=>3> CA;>28O > ?>1545 8 @5G8 1KBL =5 <>3;>, 4;O KAH59 >;8 =5>1E>48<>ABL 4CE>2=>3> >G8I5=8O =0@>40 1K;0 >G5284=>9 5I5 4> =0G0;0 2>9=K. "0 5I5 7040G:0, 0 2K?>;=8BL A85 CA;>285 - MB> 254L =5 2 10=L:C AE>48BL. 0:8< >1@07>< : =0G0;C ?@54>?@545;5==>9 18B2K 2 A@>: <5=LH5 20 ;5B 8A:C?8BL 2A5 =5?>B@51AB20 ?@56=53> AB@>O, >G8AB8BL 4> :@8AB0;L=>9 G8AB>BK =0@>4, ?@>?8B0==K9 ?>@>:0<8 @07;>682H53>AO F0@87<0, 70?0G:0==K9 C189AB2>< A2>8E 1@0BL52 8 A5AB5@ 8 4@C38<8 2K=C645==K<8 >BABC?;5=8O<8 >B G5;>25G5A:>9 <>@0;8? G8I5=85 ;N459 ?;0=5BK 5<;O, ?@8 B>< GB> A>7=0=85 ;N459 2 MB>B ?@>F5AA 2:;NG5=> ?> <8=8:0 4>AB8305BAO B>;L:> >4=8< ?CB5< G5@57 65@B2K 8 AB@040=8O, 0 GB>1K =59B@0;87>20BL 70 AB>;L :>@>B:89 A@>: :0@<8G5A:85 8 8AB>@8G5A:85 3@5E8 F5;>3> =0@>40, :0: ;8G=K5, B0: 8 3>AC40@AB25==K5, 53> =04> 70;8BL 1C:20;L=> <>@5< AB@040=89. 065 65AB:89 70:>= >8A5O, ?@54CA<0B@820NI89 <0B5<0B8G5A:89 @0A:;04 >G8I5=8O ?CB5< ?@8=5A5=8O 2 65@B2C >4=>3> 87 45AOB8 87 A@54K =0@>40 8 >4=>3> 87 ?OB845AOB8 87 @C:>2>4OI53> A>AB020, =5 A<>3 1K >15A?5G8BL 2K?>;=5=85 7040==>3> CA;>28O, B0: :0: @0AAG8B0= =0 1>;55 4;8B5;L=K9 A@>: =0 40 ;5B «?@51K20=8O 2 ?CABK=5». 2 =0H59 A8BC0F88, 8<5O 2 70?0A5 2A53> ;8HL 20 ;5B, <0B5<0B8G5A:89 @0A:;04 4>;65= 1KBL :0: <8=85= - 2 65@B2C ?@8=>A8BAO >48= 87 ?OB8 87 A@54K =0@>40 8 >48= 87 25 87 @C:>2>4OI53> A>AB020. !B0;8=C-1 2K?>;=8BL 40==>5 CA;>285 1K;> =5 ?>4 A8;C, MB> =5 53> «A?5F80;L=>ABL». @>1;5<0 :0@<8G5A:>3> >G8I5=8O @5H05BAO ?>4 12-K< 4><><, 0 2 12->< 4><5 =0B0;L=>9 :0@BK-1 =5B =8 >4=>9 ?;0=5BK, 8 4CE>2=0O ?@>3@0<<0 53> 12-3> 4><0 =5 2KE>48B 70 ?@545;K <0B5@80;870F88 2A5E 53> B2>@G5A:8E 8459. 15A?5G8BL 2K?>;=5=85 ?@54CA<>B@5==>3> CA;>28O <>3 B>;L:> !B0;8=-2, CA8;5==K9 4CE>< 8 657;>< >8A5O. G8I5=85 =0G0;>AL ?>A;5 A=OB8O ?OB>9 ?5G0B8: « :>340 = A=O; ?OBCN ?5G0BL, O C2845; ?>4 65@B25==8:>< 4CH8 C185==KE 70 A;>2> >685 8 70 A2845B5;LAB2>, :>B>@>5 >=8 8<5;8. 2>7>?8;8 >=8 3@><:8< 3>;>A><, 3>2>@O: 4>:>;5, ;04K:0 A2OB>9 8 8AB8==K9, =5 AC48HL 8 =5 2L =0HC? 40=K 1K;8 :064>4564K, 8 A:070=> 8<, GB>1K >=8 CA?>:>8;8AL 5I5 =0 <0;>5 2@5:0 8 A>B@C4=8:8 8E 8 1@0BLO 8E, :>B>@K5 1C4CB C18BK, :0: 8 >=8, 4>?>;=OB G8A;>» (B:@. 6:9-11). «, =0G02 @5GL, >48= 87 AB0@F52 A?@>A8; <5=O: A88 >1;5G5==K5 2 15;K5 >4564K :B>, 8 >B:C40 ?@8H;8? >= A:070; <=5: MB> B5, :>B>@K5 ?@8H;8 >B 25;8:>9 A:>@18; >=8 >4564K A2>8 8 C15;8;8 >4564K A2>8 :@>28N 3=F0; 0 MB> >=8 ?@51K20NB =K=5 ?@54 ?@5AB>;>< >30 8 A;C60B GL 2 E@0<5 3> 8 !84OI89 =0 ?@5AB>;5 1C45B >18B0BL 2 =8E. =8 =5 1C4CB C65 =8 0;:0BL, =8 60640BL, 8 =5 1C45B ?0;8BL 8E A>;=F5 8 =8:0:>9 7=>9. 1> 3=5F, >B>@K9 A@548 ?@5AB>;0, 1C45B ?0AB8 8E 8 2>48BL =0 682K5 8AB>G=8:8 2>4, 8 >B@5B >3 2AO:CN A;57C A >G59 8E» (B:@. 7:13-17). G8I5=8N A?>A>1AB2>20;8 8 :;8<0B8G5A:85 CA;>28O, <=>385 ?><=OB ;NBK5 78340 ?B8FK 70<5@70;8 =0 ;5BC, 0 E>;>4 2A5340 =5A5B 2 A515 AB@C:BC@8@CNICN 8 >G8AB8B5;L=CN A8;C. =0;878@CO ?>;>65=85 '5@=>9 8 5;>9 C= 2 =0B0;L=>9 :0@B5 ! 1, <>6=> ?>=OBL <=>385 A;>6=K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 =N0=AK ?>2545=8O !B0;8=0 ?5@54 2>9=>9 8 2> 2@59=K. @8 B@8=5 <564C '5@=>9 8 5;>9 C=>9 >= <>3 8A?KBK20BL A>1;07= A3>2>@8BLAO A 5@2K< 25@5< 8 >1J548=8BL A8;K, GB> 2>2A5 =5 2E>48;> 2 KAH89 0:0;8?A8A5 MB> 2K@065=> D@07>9 >1 >1>;LI5=88 >1@07>< 5@2>3> 25@O). > @50;L=> >= =8:>340 1K A =8< =5 >1J548=8;AO - 5;0O C=0 C45@60;0 1K 53> >B AB>;L >?@><5BG82>3> ?>ABC?:0. "5< =5 <5=55, ?5@54 @5H0NI59 AE20B:>9 :0: 1K 4065 8 ?@54CA<0B@820;0AL =5:0O @8BC0;L=0O 83@0 - >1KG=>5 O2;5=85 2 <8@5 725@59, :>340 >=8 3>B>2OBAO 2ABC?8BL 2 A<5@B5;L=K9 1>9. >65B, 83@0 1K;0 =5>1E>48<0 8 4;O >BBO3820=8O =0G0;0 AE20B:8. -B8< >1JOA=O5BAO 42>9AB25==>5 ?>2545=85 !B0;8=0 ?5@54 =0G0;>< 2>9=K: A 5;>9 C=>9 2 9->< 4><5 >=, :0: ?>;8B8:, E>B5; 2K3;O45BL 157C?@5G=K<, => :0: CG0AB=8: ?>548=:0 ('5@=0O C=0 2 2=5 2 5->< 4><5) O2=> A>1;07=O;AO ?@54AB>OI59 83@>9 8 AC645==K< 8A?KB0=85<. 2A5 65 '5@=0O C=0 =5A;0 2 A515 ?@54C?@5645=85: =5 =0?0409 ?5@2K< - MB> >?0A=>; 70I8I0OAL - BK ?>1548HL, =0?040O ?@>83@05HL. 45AL, :0: A:070=> 2 ?>:0;8?A8A5, =C6=K B5@?5=85 8 ABL. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, '5@=0O C=0 @0AAB0@05BAO A?@>2>F8@>20BL B0:B8G5A:85 >H81:8, ?@56452@5<5==K5 8;8 2>>1I5 =5 =C6=K5 2>5==K5 8=8F80B82K, A>1;07=OO "83@0 @0AH8@5=85< A2>8E 2;045=89, GB>1K ?>B5H8BLAO =04 53> ?>7>@><. > 5A;8 "83@ 2A5 65 =5 ?>440ABAO 55 ?@>2>:0F8O< ?> =0?045=8N, '5@=0O C=0 =0?CAB8B B0:>9 BC<0=, GB> 4065 ?@8 =0;8G88 4>AB>25@=KE 8AB>@8G5A:8E 4>:C<5=B>2 A><=5=8O 2 B><, :B> =0 A0<>< 45;5 A?@>2>F8@>20; 2>9=C, C ;N459 =8:>340 =5 8AG57=CB. 5<=K<8 4>:C<5=B0<8 '5@=CN C=C =5 C1548BL, C =55 A2>5 <=5=85 > B><, :B> =5 CAB>O; ?5@54 55 G0@0<8 8 C :>3> =5 2K45@60;8 =5@2K. 5 45;> 2BO3820BL 2 8=B@838, 1@>A0BL B5=L ?>4>7@5=8O, >1;820BL 3@O7LN, ?>@B8BL @5?CB0F8N, =0?CA:0BL AB@0E, ;>28BL =0 ?@>2>:0F88 8 =0 @07;8G=K5 ?>4AB02:8 (B0: B83@0 70<0=820NB 2 ;>2CH:C, 8A?>;L7CO GCG5;> :>7;5=:0), GB>1K >A;018BL 53> A8;C, @0AA5OBL 2=8<0=85. "5< 65, :B> 2CH:8 =5 AB@0H=K. @0240, 5;0O C=0 =0 ?@O<>< ?@>2>45 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@> @0AA58205B G0@K A>1;07=>2, 87102;O5B >B AB@0E>2, 2>72@0I05B 25@C, ?><>305B C2845BL A8BC0F88 2 8AB8==>< A25B5. 710282H8AL >B =020645=89, "83@ =0G8=05B >14C2CN B0:B8:C ?>2545=8O, =0AB@>82H8AL 8A:;NG8B5;L=> =0 1;0385 =0<5@5=8O, => BCB '5@=0O C=0 >?OBL B>;:05B ?>4 @C:C: 45A:0BL, C?CAB8HL A2>9 H0=A, A;54CNI53> =5 1C45B. @><5 B>3>, '5@=0O C=0 ?><>30;0 !B0;8=C CAB@0H0BL A2>8< 0;L:> 2@03>2, => 8 2@5<5==KE A>N7=8:>2. '5@G8;;L, =0?@8<5@, ?@87=020;AO, GB> 1>8BAO !B0;8=0. ! B0:8< 65 CA?5E>< '5@=0O C=0 <>3;0 A5OBL AB@0E ?5@54 2@03>< 8 2 53> 4CHC, ?@0240, =5=04>;3>: ;CB>= 70 '5@=>9 C=>9 ?> E>4C 42865=8O ?;0=5B =0?><8=0; 5 A:@KB>9 2 =5< A8;5 B83@0. >6=> @5H8BL, GB> 2 @0725@=C2H5:0;8?B8G5A:>< 459AB25 8B;5@ ?@54AB02;O; !8;K "L 1 A;8H:>< ?@>AB>. 5AA @0A?@545;OBL B50B@0;L=K5 :>ABN:0;8?A8A0, ?>B>7=0=88 ;N459. '5;>25G5AB2> 8 ?>425;8-B> : ?>:0;8?A8AC A B5<, GB>1K ?5@54 =>2K< 8AB>@8G5A:8< 28B:>< 2KOA=8BL, GB> 65 2A5-B0:8 ?@5>1;0405B 2 8E A>7=0=88 A25B 8;8 BL<0. '53> >:065BAO 1>;LH5, B0:>9 8 1C45B 40;L=59H0O 8AB>@8O G5;>25G5AB20: @0728B85 8;8 ?@>4>;68BAO 2?5@54, 8;8 G5;>25G5AB2> 1C45B >B1@>H5=> =0704 : @01AB2C. AE>4 2>9=K B@048F8>==> A2O7K20NB A B5E=8G5A:8< 2>>@C65=85< 8 G8A;5==>ABLN 2>9A:, => B0: 1K205B B>;L:> =0 >1KG=>9 2>9=5. 0 MB>9 2>9=5-<8AB5@88 7=0G825@H5==> 8=K5, ACI=>AB=K5 25I8 >B:@KB>ABL, ?@>AB>B0, 8A:@5==>ABL, ?;5G> 4@C30, 2708<>2K@CG:0, 15A:>@KAB85, >BACBAB285 87;8H=59 65AB>:>AB8: 2>520BL - 40, => =5 :0@0BL, =5 AB0;L=>5, GB> 2E>48B 2 ?>=OB85 «=0@>4 452AB25==K9 8 =5 ;C:02K9». 'CBL-GCBL G53>-=81C4L =5 E20B8;> 1 2 4CE5 @CAA:>3> 2>8=AB20, <>65B, ?5A=8 > 0BNH5, 8 2>72@0B 2 @01AB2> 1K; 1K >15A?5G5=. !C4L10 G5;>25G5AB20 28A5;0 =0 2>;>A:5 8 7028A5;0 >=0 >B 4CE>2=KE, 4CH52=KE :0G5AB2 8 F5;>3> 2>8=AB20, ?>B>= 8 1K; ?>425@3=CB AB>;L B>B0;L=>G8I5=8N. !59G0A !B0;8=C ?@54JO2;O5BAO <=>3> ?@5B5=789 ?> AB@0B538G5A:8< 8 B0:B8G5A:8< >H81:0< 2> 2@59=K. 5A:0BL, <>6=> 1K;> B0<-B> 8 B0<-B> ?>ABC?8BL 8=0G5, 871560BL =5=C6=KE 65@B2, ?>1548BL @0=LH5 8 A <5=LH8<8 ?>B5@O<8. >=5G=>, :0:8E-B> 65@B2 <>6=> 1K;> 1K 871560BL (704=8< C<>< 2A5340 ;53G5 4C<0BL), 40 B>;L:> =0 E>4 2>9=K, B0:B8:0 :>B>@>9 @07@010BK20;0AL =5 =0 75<;5, 0 =0 515A0E, 75<=K5 >H81:8 <0;> 2;8O;8. !>:@0I5=85 <0B5@80;L=KE 8 ;N4A:8E ?>B5@L 2 >4=>< <5AB5 >15@=C;>AL 1K 8E C25;8G5=85< 2 4@C3>< <5AB5, ?>B> AF5=0@89 ?>:0;8?A8A0 - >48= 1C45B 27OB, 0 4@C3>9 >AB02;5= =5 <>3 1KBL 87<5=5=. 5A;8 5@2>9=K A8;0 8 2;0ABL 1K;8 AC645=K =0 42 <5AOF0, 0 A2>N ?5@2CN A<5@B5;L=CN @0=C >= 4>;65= 1K; ?>;CG8BL ;8HL 2 A5@548=5 1943 3>40, B> 2A5 ?@>87>945B B0:, :0: ?@54CA<>B@5=> AF5=0@85<. 8B2K ?>4>1=>3> @>40, :0: 8725AB=> 87 ?@540=89, ?@>4>;60NBAO 4> =0ABC?;5=8O @0AA25B0, 4> ?5@2KE ?5BCE>2, 8 25A=0 1945 3>40 MB> 8 5ABL @0AA25B, ?@>2>73;0H5==K9 >4>< 5BCE0. MB>9 18B25 2A525G5AB2C, :>=5G=> 65, 1K;> AC645=> @0718BLAO =0 420 ;035@O, >4=8< =045BL 4>A?5E8 "LA?5E8 !25B0, :>@C. C !8; "L65 254L 1K;0 A2>O <8AA8O ?@>OA=8BL A>>B=>H5=85 BL7=0=88 ;N459, ?@5?>40BL <8@C 65AB:89 C@>:, GB>1K ;N48 >1@07C<8;8AL 8 ?@5:@0B8;8 @07@5H0BL 2A5 A2>8 <5;>G=K5 =54>@07C<5=8O ?CB5< 2>9=. @>1 >A?>45=L =5 ?>45;8;8 ?>;<8@0 =04> 2K@570BL, C18;8 2 !0@052> 02AB@89A:>3> M@F35@F>30 B> 65 A0<>5, CI5<8;8 3>@4K=N :0:>9-B> 206=>9 ?5@A>=K =04> 1@>A8BL =0 ?>;5 1@0=8 ?>;>28=C @01>B>A?>A>1=>3> =0A5;5=8O. 8:>;09 II @5H8; ?@8=OBL CG0AB85 2 5@2>9 8@>2>9 2>9=5 @048 2>7@>645=8O =0@>4=>3> ?0B@8>B87<0 - 4>AB0B>G=0O ;8 ?@8G8=0 4;O B>3>, GB>1 >B?@028BL =0@>4 =0 1>9=N? '5;>25G5AB2> 2>N5B ?> ?>2>4C 8 157 ?>2>40, :0: 2 !B@0=5 ;8;8?CB>2, 345 ?>1K20; =01;N40B5;L=K9 C;;825@, ?> 845>;>38G5A:8< @07=>3;0A8O< 2 ?@>F54C@5 >G8I5=8O O8F >B A:>@;C?K - A >AB@>3> 8;8 A BC?>3> :>=F0. C;;825@ 65 40; ;8;8?CB0< 8 E>@>H89 A>25B: «CABL :064K9 >G8I05B O9F> A B>3> :>=F0, :0:>9 5;LD0 8B;5@0 1K;0 A2>O <8AA8O, => =5O2=0O. 5 ?>?048 >= =0 D@>=B 2 1914 3>4C, 2 <8@5 >4=8< EC4>6=8:>< 1K;> 1K 1>;LH5. >9=0 >:070;>AL @0728;:>9 =0 53> 687=5==>< ?CB8 8 =0?@028;0 @50;870F8N 53> ;8G=>AB8 ?> ?@54CA<>B@5==>3> A04=8:0 ?>:0;8?A8A0. 5@<0=88 2 A8;C >?@545;5==KE G5@B E0@0:B5@0 55 =0@>40 48AF8?;8=K, 15A?@5:>A;>2=>3> ?>4G8=5=8O ?@8:070<, =5 8768B>9 <5GBK > <8@>2>< 3>A?>4AB25 - 1K; ?>41@>H5= A>1;07= 3>@4K=8 ?> @0A>2>AE>4AB2C, B0: GB> 8B;5@C 1K;> =0 :>3> >?5@5BLAO. @NG>: =0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:>9 8458 :@5?:> 70F5?8; 5@<0=8N, 8 >=0 A;5?> ?>H;0 70 A2>8< >645<. 8B;5@ @>48;AO 2 3>4 5;B>3> (75<=>3>) C92>;0 (1889 3>4); >48=>:89 1C92>; =5 ?@54AB02;O5B >?0A=>AB8, 0 2>B AB04> 1C92>;>2 MB> A>2A5< 4@C3>5 45;>. 5 B> GB> B83@, A;>=K =5 @8A:=CB 2AB0BL C =53> =0 4>@>35, >=> A=>A8B 8 2B0?BK205B 2 75<;N 2A5, GB> ?>?0405BAO =0 ?CB8. 5A;8 «AB04> 1C92>;>2» E>@>H> 2>>@C65=>, >@30=87>20=> 8 ?>;=>ABLN ?>4G8=5=> 2>;5 2>60:0 MB> C65 =5A>:@CH8<0O A<5@B>=>A=0O A8;0, 25@L >9=K =0 42 <5AOF0. > =5 8B;5@ O2;O5BAO =5?>A@54AB25==>9 ?@8G8=>9 C60A0 ?5@568B>9 2>9=K, >=0 1K;0 =587156=K< A;54AB285< 03@5AA82=>9 =5@07C<=>AB8 2A53> G5;>25G5AB20. 4>;LD 8B;5@ 1K; C15645=, GB> 8A?>;=O5B =5:CN 2KAHCN <8AA8N; :0: >= 55 ?>=O;, B0: 8 AD>@20;: «"2>@5=85 =5 7025@H5=>. '5;>25: O2=> ?>4E>48B : =>2>9 D075 ?@52@0I5=8O. @56=OO G5;>25G5A:0O ?>@>40 C65 2>H;0 2 AB048N 3815;8, ;8HL =5<=>385 2K682CB. '5;>25G5AB2> 2>AE>48B =0 =>2CN ABC?5=L :064K5 700 ;5B, 8 AB02:0 2 1>@L15, 5I5 1>;55 4;8B5;L=>9, - ?@8H5AB285 AK=0 1>6L53>. AO B2>@G5A:0O A8;0 1C45B A:>=F5=B@8@>20=0 2 =>2>9 ?>@>45. 25 @07=>284=>AB8 1C4CB 1KAB@> M2>;NF8>=8@>20BL, ?@>B82>AB>O 4@C3 4@C3C. =0 15A:>=5G=> 40;5:> ?@527>945B A>2@5<5==>3> G5;>25:0...» (F8B. ?> «Mein Kampf»). 0 A0<>< 45;5 53> <8AA8O 1K;0 1>;55 <=>3>?;0=>2>9, B@038G5A:>9 8 >G8AB8B5;L=>9 >4=>2@5<5==>: >:>=G0B5;L=> 87;5G8BL =5<5F:89 =0@>4 >B 1>;57=5==KE 8459 @0A>2>3> ?@52>AE>4AB20 8 ?@8BO70=89 =0 <8@>2>5 3>A?>4AB2>, 2KOA=8BL, GB> ?@5>1;0405B 2 A>7=0=88 G5;>25G5AB20 A25B 8;8 BL<0, ?@5?>40BL 2A59 C@>:, GB>1K G5;>25G5A:85 A5@4F0 E>;>45;8 >B >4=>3> C?><8=0=8O > 2>9=5. A;8 @07C< =5 A?>A>15= ?@54>B2@0I0BL 2>9=K, <>65B, 8E >AB0=>28B C60A? >AA8O, ?@82K:H0O 157 AG5B0 1@>A0BL 687=8 =0 0;B0@L >B5G5AB20, 70 42 <5AOF0 B>65 ?>;CG8;0 A2>9 C@>:. B0;8B0@=K< @568<>< A>740NBAO ;81> 4;O 702>520=8O A>A54=8E 3>AC40@AB2, ;81> :0: :@5?>ABL 4;O =5?@8ABC?=>9 >1>@>=K. 8B;5@ A>74020; 8520=8O, !B0;8= A>74020; 8ABL 4;O >1>@>=K B0: 8 1K;> 704C<0=> ?> AF5=0@8N ?>:0;8?A8A0. 10 ?@8153;8 : B5< A@54AB20<, :>B>@K5 1K;8 =081>;55 MDD5:B82=K 4;O AB>;L :>@>B:>3> A@>:0. A5 ?@54?>;>65=8O > ?@5B5=78OE !B0;8=0 =0 <8@>2>5 3>A?>4AB2> 15A?>G25==K. A;8 B83@K-H0BC=K 2 ?@8@>45 8=>340 8 ?>?040NBAO, ?@8G5<, B>;L:> 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, B> >=8 O2;ONBAO 8A:;NG5=85< 87 ?@028;. 2 7@5;>< 2>7@0AB5 B83@ >G5=L E>@>H> 7=05B 3@0=8FK A2>8E 2;045=89, >= A28@5?> 8 15A?>I04=> @0A?@02;O5BAO A> 2A5<8, :B> 2B>@305BAO 2 53> 2;045=8O. 3> 7C1K 8 :>3B8, :>=5G=> 65, 2?5G0B;ONB, =>, ?@02> 65, =5 40NB >A=>20=89 45;0BL 2K2>4K > B><, GB> B83@ ?>945B :C40 5G5BAO, 8 1C45B @20BL =0 G0AB8 2A5E =0 A2>5< ?CB8. :>BK 8 2>2A5 4><>A54K, GB> !B0;8= ?>4B25@48; A2>8< >1@07>< 687=8. 5 =04> 701K20BL 8 > :0@<8G5A:>< 0A?5:B5, 70?@5I0NI5< !B0;8=C 2KE>4 70 ?@545;K 3@0=8F A2>59 AB@0=K, 8 MB>B 70?@5B >= GC2AB2>20; =5 EC65, G5< B83@ GC2AB2C5B 3@0=8FK A2>59 B5@@8B>@88. !B0;8= 2K?>;=8; 2A5 A2>8 7040G8, >= A?;>B8; =0@>4 2 548=CN <>=>;8B=CN A8;C, 254L >1>@>BL 2@030 <>6=>, 2KAB0282 !8;C ?@>B82 !8;K, 25@O ?@>B82 25@O. AB>@8O G5;>25G5AB20 7=05B A;CG08 2>7=8:=>25=8O >A>1KE @568<>2, :>B>@K5 ?@8=OB> =07K20BL 48:B0B>@A:8<8, - :>340 =0@>4C C3@>605B =5 B> GB> >?0A=>ABL, 0 C=8GB>65=85 3>AC40@AB25==>AB8 8 ?>@01>I5=85. "0: =0 B5@@8B>@88 @52=59 =488 2>7=8:;> 85 3>AC40@AB2> 0C@8O 2> 3;025 A 48:B0B>@>< '0=4@03C?B>9, :>B>@> A;>20< 6020E0@;0;0 5@C, 4065 0:8025;;8 2 ?>4<5B:8 =5 3>48BAO. 02>5202 ?>;<8@0, ;5:A0=4@ 0:54>=A:89 ?@>25@8; ;1>< ?@>G=>ABL AB5= 8BABC?8;AO. =48O GB8B ?0 =5< :0: > G5;>25:5, :>B>@K9 CAB>O; ?5@54 25;8G09H8< 702>520B5;5< <8@0 8 A>E@0=8; ?@02> 8=489A:>3> =0@>40 =0 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 @0728B85. C4@K9 >AB>: ?>=8<05B, GB> B>@3 > F5=5 2 B0:8E 8AB>@8G5A:8E A8BC0F8OE ?@>AB> =5C<5AB5=. > 2@5:0;8?A8A0 @>2845=8N AB0;> OA=>, GB> A25B0 2 G5;>25G5A:8E C<0E ?>:0 5I5 4>AB0B>G=> 8 =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8 2>72@0I0BL 53> =0704 2> BL?CB=> 1K;> @5H5=> <=>3> 8 4@C38E ?@>1;5<: G5;>25G5AB2> 2 :0:>9-B> <5@5 >G8AB8;>AL >B 1@5<5=8 :0@<8G5A:8E 4>;3>2, :>B>@K5 C65 8AB>G8;8 53>, :0: @60 65;57>. >A;5 2>9=K =0G0;8 @0A?040BLAO :>;>=80;L=K5 @568;>=88 52@>?59A:8E AB@0= >4=0 70 4@C3>9 4>18;8AL =57028A8<>AB8. 0G0;8 A>74020BLAO <564C=0@>4=K5 >@30=870F88 B8?0 , ;N48 AB0;8 CG8BLAO @07@5H0BL =07@520NI85 :>=D;8:BK <8@=K< ?CB5<; :>340 ?>;CG05BAO, :>340 =5 >G5=L, => A42838 2A5 65 5ABL. 0 8 =0@>4 <>;>4>3> 3>AC40@AB20 !!! A8;L=> 87<5=8;AO: >= AB0; 548=K<, C ;N459 ?>O28;0AL C25@5==>ABL 2 702B@0H=5< 4=5. !B0;8=C C40;>AL >@30=87>20BL 8 48AF8?;8=8@>20BL =0@>4, 85@0@E878@>20BL 3>AC40@AB25==CN 2;0ABL, ?>4=OBL ?@>ABL, 70;>68BL @575@2 =0 1C4CI55, CAB@5<8BL 4CE =0@>40 2 1C4CI55. 8:B>, :@><5 =53>, =5 A?@028;AO 1K A> AB>;L <=>3>G8A;5==K<8 BO65;59H8<8 >1O70==>ABO<8. > ?>A;5 2>9=K 5AB0;>AL 2K?>;=8BL ?>A;54=55 BO65;>5 CA;>285 - ?@8=5AB8 65@B2K >G8I5=8O >B 2>5==>3> :@>2>?@>;8B8O. 0H0 1540 2 B><, GB> A<8G5A:8E 70:>=>2, B.5. 2A5E CA;>289 4>3>2>@0 <564C G5;>25G5AB2>< 8 >65AB25==>9 5@0@E859, 8 25@8< 2 0D>@87<: «>1548B5;59 =5 AC4OB». A5E AC4OB 8 ?>1548B5;59, 8 ?>15645==KE. 0?@0A=> 2>9=0 70:0=G8205BAO B>340, :>340 70<>;:0NB 2A5 >@C48O 8 ?>4?8AK205BAO 0:B :0?8BC;OF88. >A:>;L:C 2>9=K 87>1@5B5=85 G5;>25G5AB20, :0:8<8 1K >=8 =8 1K;8, :@>2L 5ABL :@>2L, 8 >=0 4>;6=0 1KBL 8A:C?;5=0 65@B20<8, B5< 1>;55 GB> 4065 2 A0<>< ;CGH5< 2>8=AB25 =094CBAO ;N48, ?>ABC?0NI85AO :>45:A>< G5AB8 2>8=0. ">;L:> ?>A;5 8A:C?;5=8O A2>59 G0AB8 28=K 70 ?@>;8BCN :@>2L =0@>4 AG8B05BAO >G8I5==K<, 0 2>9=0 A2OI5==>9. > 70:>=0< >8A5O, :0: O C65 =5>4=>:@0B=> C?><8=0;0, 2 65@B2C ?@8=>A8BAO >48= 2>8= 87 ?OB845AOB8, =>, <=5 :065BAO, !B0;8=C :0:-B> C40;>AL A>:@0B8BL G8A;> 65@B2 >G8I5=8O. 0: =8 BO65;> MB> >A>7=020BL, => 4065 8 ?>A;52>5==K5 65@B2K =5;L7O AG8B0BL =0?@0A=K<8. ;O =0A 1K;> 1K 3>@074> EC65 ?@5=51@5GL CA;>285< MB>3> 4>3>2>@0, 2>72@0B82H85AO A 2>9=K ;N48 2A5 @02=> 1K 381;8 8;8 ?@>?040;8 ?> =58725AB=K< ?@8G8=0<, => 65@B2 1K;> 1K =0<=>3> 1>;LH5. "0: GB> =0 75<;5 2>9=0 70:0=G8205BAO, :>340 ?>4?8A0= 0:B :0?8BC;OF88, =0 =515A0E :>340 ?@8=5A5=K 65@B2K >G8I5=8O, 0 2 A5@4F0E ;N459 :>340 ?>E>@>=5= ?>A;54=89 A>;40B. B>@0O 8@>20O 2>9=0 70:>=G8;0AL, => =5 ?5@525;8AL =0 75<;5 ;N48, 3>B>2K5 ?>:;>=OBLAO 25@N =>2>9 2>9=K. >B GB> ?> MB>2>4C >1JO28; G5;>25G5AB2C "@5B89 =35;: «& B> ?>:;>=O5BAO 725@N 8 >1@07C 53> 8 ?@8=8<05B =0G5@B0=85 =0 G5;> A2>5 8;8 =0 @C:C A2>N, B>B 1C45B ?8BL 28=> O@>AB8 >6859, 28=> F5;L=>5, ?@83>B>2;5==>5 2 G0H5 3=520 3>, 8 1C45B 3=5 8 A5@5 ?@54 A2OBK<8 =35;0<8 8 ?@54 3=F5<; 8 4K< AE>48BL 2> 25:8 25:>2, 8 =5 1C4CB 8<5BL ?>:>O =8 4=5<, =8 =>GLN ?>:;>=ONI85AO 725@N 8 >1@07C 53> 8 ?@8=8<0NI85 =0G5@B0=85 8<5=8 53>» (B:@. 14:9-11). 0G5@B0=85 =0 G5;5 8 =0 @C:5 MB> ;N10O 2>5==0O A8<2>;8:0 =0 DC@06:0E, 15@5B0E 8 =0 @C:020E, =5 >1O70B5;L=> A20AB8:0. !B0;8= C<5@ 5 <0@B0 1953 3>40 ?> A2>59 D878G5A:>9 :0@B5 @>645=8O (=0B0;L=0O :0@B0 1), :>340 B@0=78B=0O '5@=0O C=0 2>H;0 2 7=0: 52K, ?@>H;0 A>548=5=85 A 53> =0B0;L=K< #@0=><, >A2>1>482 53> >B BO65;>9 <8AA88, 8 :0: B>;L:> >=0 2>H;0 2 B>G=K9 0A?5:B >??>78F88 A =0B0;L=K< .?8B5@>< 2 7=0:5 >4>;5O =0ABC?8;0 A<5@BL. ABL <=>3> 8 4@C38E ?>:070=89 =0 =0ABC?;5=85 <><5=B0 5AB5AB25==>9 A<5@B8 2 B@0=78B=>< ?>;>65=88 5?BC=0, !0BC@=0 8 C=K, 2>H54H8E 2 12-9 4>< 8 @07@CH82H8E A2O7L A>7=0=8O A D878G5A:8< B5;><. 8:0:8E C:070=89 =0 =0A8;LAB25==CN A<5@BL =5B. 0BC A<5@B8 !B0;8=0 <>6=> AG8B0BL 40B>9 >:>=G0=8O ?>:0;8?A8A0, 2 :>B>@>< 1K;> 2A:@KB> ?OBL ?5G0B59 (87 B:@>25=8O >0==0 >3>A;>20 G5;>25G5AB2C >AB0;>AL ?5@568BL 2@59 8 A54L<>9 ?5G0B8, => >1AC640BL MBC B5 >B45;L=>). 7>@C ;N459, =8725@3=C2H8E =35;0 574=K BC40, >B:C40 >= ?@8H5;, >B:@K;AO =>2K9 <8@. = 1K; G8AB 8 A25B5;, 2A5 BCG8 =04 3>@87>=B>< @0725O;8AL. !>;=F5 2 7=0:5 K1 845B =0 A>548=5=85 A 5;>9 C=>9, 0 .?8B5@ 27>H5; =0 25@H8=C A0<>9 <8@=>9 8 AG0AB;82>9 :>=D83C@0F88 «?0@0HNB», 2 :>B>@CN, :@><5 =53>, 2E>4OB #@0=, !>;=F5 8 C=0. @C6=>5 M=5@35B8G5A:>5 ;8:>20=85 MB8E ?;0=5B <>6=> 2K@078BL A;>20<8: «K 70?;0B8;8 70 2A5 A2>8 >H81:8 =0 ?CB8 2 G5BK@5 BKAOG8 ;5B 8 >BAB>O;8 ?@02> =0 687=L. CBL G8AB. 48B5 2?5@54. 48B5, 6828B5 8 40209B5 68BL 4@C38<». ;020 6. >A;5 18B2K >A;5 A<5@B8 !B0;8=0 =5 1K;> =8:0:>9 =5>1E>48<>AB8 A>E@0=OBL M:AB@5<0;L=K5 70:>=K ?>:0;8?A8A0 8 @568< >A<8G5A:>3> <03=8B0 (48:B0BC@K, 2 75<=>< ?>=8<0=88). KAH89 07C< B@0=A;8@>20; A>25@H5==> =>2CN CAB0=>2:C: «CBL G8AB. 48B5 2?5@54. 48B5, 6828B5 8 40209B5 68BL 4@C38<». >2>9 687=8, 8A:C?;5==>9 A<5@BLN, =04> 1K;> ?@840BL =>2K9 A28BL ?>@O4>:, ?@8 :>B>@>< ;N48 <>3;8 1K 68BL, =5 >?0A0OAL @5?@5AA89 8 =5 1>OAL >1=0@C68BL ;CGH85 G5;>25G5A:85 :0G5AB20. 0:>=K 687=8 4>;6=K 1K;8 87<5=8BLAO B0: 65 5AB5AB25==>, :0: 25A=0 ?@8E>48B =0 A<5=C E>;>4=>9 78<5, =C 0 70 25A=>9 2A5340 =0ABC?05B 1>30B>5 ?;>40<8 75<;8 ;5B>. > 4>AB>9=>3> ?@55<=8:0, :>B>@K9 1K ?>=O; MB>, 2848<>, =5 =0H;>AL. @0240, %@CI52 B0: 8 =0G0; - A ?>A;01;5=8O @568<0, C65 70?0E;> 25A=>9, 8 4065 :0: 1C4B> =0ABC?8;0 >BB5?5;L. ?>B>< A>1@0;8 1>;LH>9 AC4 (%% AJ574 ?0@B88) 8 @5H8;8: !B0;8= >48= 28=>25= 2 B><, GB> ?@>87>H;> A> AB@0=>9, >= >48= B2>@8; 2A5 15770:>=8O, >= =0A8;L=> CB25@640; :C;LB A2>59 ;8G=>AB8. >4AG8B0;8 ?>B5@8 8 2A5 MB> 1K;> ?>AB02;5=> 2 C?@5: !B0;8=C. 5 CA?5;8 A45;0BL 8 42CE H03>2 >B <5AB0 ?>4 =0720=85< @<03544>=, :0: =0G0;8 A>25@H0BL =>2K5 >H81:8. >2K5 ?@028B5;8 =5 2=O;8 CAB0=>2:5 KAH53> 07C<0, =5 ?>H;8 ?CB5<, 70 ?@02> 84B8 ?> :>B>@>;L 2KA>:CN F5=C, =5 ?>701>B8;8AL >1 >B:@KB>AB8 3>AC40@AB20 4;O B5A=KE :>=B0:B>2 A <8@>2K< A>>1I5AB2><, GB> ?>A;5 2>9=K ?@54?>;030;>AL :0: A0<> A>1>9 @07C<5NI55AO, ?@8G5< 2 MB>< A>>1I5AB25 !!! 30@0=B8@>20;AO 2KA>:89 AB0BCA. AQ 1@>48;8 >:@5AB ?;0E8 A B>?>@0<8, 8I0 2@03>2 2=CB@8 8 A=0@C68 A2>53> AB0=0, =C 0 :B> 8I5B, B>B 2A5340 =0945B. 8@ A=>20 CH5; A 75<;8, =0G0;0AL 3>=:0 2>>@C65=8O 8 E>;>4=0O 2>9=0, 5420 =5 70:>=G82H0OAO "@5BL59 8@>2>9 2>9=>9, B5?5@L C65 A <5@8:>9, B0: GB> 2 A;>682H59AO : =0G0;C %%I 25:0 <8@>2>9 A8BC0F88 M:A?0=A8>=8ABA:0O B8@0=8O <5@8:8 8 B5@@>@87< :0: <5@0 ?@>B82>AB>O=8O AB@0= ;86=53> >AB>:0 MB>9 B8@0=88 5ABL 1>;LH0O 4>;O 8 =0H59 28=K. "5, :B> 1K; 708=B5@5A>20= 2 A>E@0=5=88 ?@56=53> @568<0, ?> 1KAB@>;>2C %@CI52C, ?>B> @568< B>B =5>3@0=8G5==0O 2;0ABL ?@8 2A5>1I5< 157<>;288 - >:070;AO >G5=L C4>1=K< 4;O 15745OB5;L=KE C<>2. @54AB02LB5 A515 B0:CN =515A=CN AF5=:C. 48= 87 0=35;>2, 2>72@0B82H8AL =0 =51> ?>A;5 287C0;L=>3> 7=0:> >:>=G0=88 8B2K, 3>2>@8B 4@C3>=K 8 =5 E>BOB 84B8 2?5@54!!!». B>@>9 0=35;: «???!!! =0G8B, ?>A<55A<554>< 8 ?@028B5;LAB2>< ?CB8-4>@>38 @07>H;8AL. @028B5;LAB2> A;5?> :@C68;> =0 >4=>< <5AB5, ?5@8>48G5A:8 2?040O 2 A?OG:C, 0 =0@>4, ?>A<5820OAL, ?>H5; A515 ?>B8E>=L:C 2?5@54, A>E@0=OO B> E>@>H55, GB> >AB0;>AL >B ?@56=8E 2@5<5=, B0: :0: 640BL G53>-B> =>2>3> >B =>2KE ?@028B5;59 =5 1K;> A 70B> 1>9; 1) =0 A2>59 H:C@5 ?@>GC2AB2>20;8 70?>254L «5 A>B2>@8 A515 :C<8@0», > :>B>@>9 C =0A 1K;8 @0A?;K2G0BK5 ?@54AB02;5=8O. !B@0=0 A=>20 AB0;0 1>3>>BABC?=8F59 8 ?>B> 2@5<5=5< 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 AB0;0 ?>E>48BL =0 :0@8:0BC@=CN :>?8N A2>53> >@838=0;0. @8 2=5H=5< >1@075 4>1@>3> ?@028B5;O @56=52 ?> ACB8 A2>59 1K; B8E8< <>=AB@>< @07@CH5=8O. 7;8H=85 ?5@5=0?@O65=8O ?@82>48;8 : 45D>@<0F88 8 >A;01;5=8N 2=CB@5==59 AB@C:BC@K 3>AC40@AB20. 04 =0<8 A<5O;8AL =515A0, =04 =0<8 A<5O;8AL AB@0=K, 40 8 1>9. 848<>, B>;L:> N<>@ 8 A<5E ?><>30NB 70H>@5==>1I5AB2C >A2>1>48BLAO >B >1CA;>2;5==>AB8 8 A;5?>BK, B@572> 273;O=CBL =0 A;>682HCNAO @50;L=>ABL 8 ?>=OBL 2AN 3;C?>ABL =>2KE AB5@5>B8?>2, C65 AB0=>282H8EAO B@048F859 E>;>4=K9 273;O4 2 ?CAB>BC, =0G0;LAB25==K9 @K: 2 B@572>< 2845 8 A;N=O2K5 ?>F5;C8 2 ?LO=>< 2845. KAH85 A8;K ?><>30;8 C:@5?;5=8N =>2>9 AB@0=K, B5?5@L C65 7094O A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, - ?>1C640O =0A A<5OBLAO =04 A2>59 =0?KI5==>ABLN 8 3;C?>ABLN. ">65 A2>5>1@07=K9 :0B0@A8A. 3>4K @5?@5AA89, ?5@54 2>9=>9 8 2> 2@59=K 2 =0H5< @538>=5 @>640;>AL <=>3> ;N459 4CE>2=> 2>72KH5==KE 8 G8ABKE, =045;5==KE A0>1@07=K<8 B0;0=B0<8. 8:0:>3> GC40 2 B>< =5B, 0 5ABL 70:>= 8 =5>1E>48<>ABL. @028;>: 2KE>4OI89 87 G8ABKE 2>4 G8AB, 87 3@O7=KE 3@O75=. 75@=0< 4CE0 =>2KE 687=59, AB@5<8B5;L=> 428302H8A<8G5A:>9 <>=04K : 871@0==>=C, =5 ?@8;8?0;0 =8:0:0O <5=B0;L=>-4CE>2=0O 3@O7L, ?>B> «=515A0»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«;8H=8E» ;N459, >:0702H8EAO =5 C 45;, ?>B> 2>;O ?@028B5;59 =5 A>2?0;0 A 2>;59 >30. >;>B>9 D>=4 =0F88, :>B>@K9 4>@>65 ;N1>3> 7>;>B0, =5 =0?>;=8;AO, :0: ?@54?>;030;>AL, 8 28=8BL 2 MB>< =04> B>;L:> A0<8E A51O. =B5@5A=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 2> 2@5<5=0 8:>;0O I 2 @O4C «;8H=8E» ;N459 >:070;AO 8E08; .@L528G 5@<>=B>2; >= 65 AB0; «;8H=8<» 8 2> 2@5<5=0 @56=520, => C65 ?>4 8<5=5< ;53 0;L (2K2>4 A45;0= =0 >A=>25 A@02=5=8O 8E =0B0;L=KE :0@B). ABL >4=0 >B;8G8B5;L=0O >A>15==>ABL C 1>;LH59 G0AB8 ?>:>;5=8O H5AB845AOB=8:>2. E >1@07>20B5;L=K9 8 =@02AB25==K9 DC=40<5=B 1K; 70;>65= #G8B5;O<8, B5<8 ;N4L<8, GB> 1K;8 A>A;0=K =0 ?>A5;5=85. =8 68;8 2 A0B=K<8 8 4CE>2=> 1>30BK<8 ;N4L<8, B> ?>GB8 2A5 @01>B0;8 2 H:>;0E, B5< 1>;55 GB> >D8F80;L=KE CG8B5;59 O2=> =5 E20B0;>. C4CG8 =52>;L=8:0<8 @568<0 8 ?>;CG0O :>?59:8 70 A2>9 B@C4, >=8 ?>;=>ABLN >B4020;8AL @01>B5. / CG8;0AL 2 ?>A;52>5==>5 2@59 2>B A5;LA:>9 H:>;5 =0 A525@5 070EAB0=0, 8 B>340, :>=5G=> 65, =5 ?>=8<0;0, GB> C =0A >A>15==K5 CG8B5;O. 0 8 D0<8;88 C =8E 1K;8 =5 45@525=A:85 52CF:89, >;38=, !04>2A:89. @><5 B>3> GB> >=8 1;5ABOI5 ?@5?>4020;8 H:>;L=K5 ?@54<5BK, >=8 25;8 5I5 8 2A52>7<>6=K5 :@C6:8 A?>@B82=K5, @C:>45;8O, 7>>;>38G5A:89 (A 873>B>2;5=85< GCG5; @07;8G=KE ?B8F 8 <5;:8E 682>B=KE), 1>B0=8G5A:89 (A A>AB02;5=85< ?>;=>3> 35@10@8O <5AB=>9 D;>@K), 1K; 4065 4CE>2>9 >@:5AB@. A5, GB> >=8 7=0;8, >=8 ?5@54020;8 45BO<. >B B0:>9 ?@8<5@ =52>;L=>3> A>G5B0=8O 4>1@0 8 7;0. !C4L10 :0: 1C4B> >1>H;0AL A =8<8 65AB>:>, => 1>;55 ?>;=>9 >B40G8 >B G5;>25:0 4065 ?@54AB028BL =52>7<>6=>. >G5B8?=>5 A>7=0=85 2A5340 >@85=B8@>20=> 2 AB>@>=C ?>8A:0 28=>20B>3>. 8=>2=8:>< @07@CH5=8O <=>385 AG8B0NB 8E08;0 !5@35528G0 >@10G520. 40;LH5 :0: >1KG=>: «BC 53>!». 0 A0<>< 45;5 >48= G5;>25: =8:0:CN ?8@0<84C @07@CH8BL =5 2 A>AB>O=88, 55 @07@CH5=85 - D0:B>@ 2@5<5=8. 38?5BA:85 ?8@0<84K AB>OB BKAOG5;5B8O, 8 =5 A:070BL, GB> 2>B-2>B @0720;OBAO. > 538?5BA:85 ?8@0<84K <0B5@80;L=K, 0 >1I5AB25==CN ?8@0<84C =5;L7O AG8B0BL G8AB> <0B5@80;L=>9, B0: :0: 55 A>AB02=K<8 G0ABO<8 O2;ONBAO =5 :0<=8, 0 AB@C:BC@=K5 OG59:8 >1I5AB20. B5< =5 <5=55 70:>=K @07@CH5=8O B5E 8 4@C38E >48=0:>2K: ?8@0<840 @CH8BAO B>340, :>340 >A;01520NB AB@C:BC@=K5 A2O78 <564C >B45;L=K<8 «1;>:0<8» 8 «:8@?8G8:0<8». >G5A;01520NB, 0 2 =0H59 3>AC40@AB25==>9 ?8@0<845 >=8 24@C3 @07>< >A;01;8, 8 >=0 @CE=C;0? @8G8=0 - 2;8O=85 8<5==> G5;>25G5A:>3> D0:B>@0. A;8 1;>:8 538?5BA:8E ?8@0<84 8<5NB >G5=L >3@0=8G5==CN AB5?5=L A2>1>4K, 7028AOICN >B D878G5A:8E E0@0:B5@8AB8: @5038@>20=85 :0<=O =0 87<5=5=8O B5>B25BAB2CNI8< @0AH8@5=85< 8;8 A60B85< 8E >1J5<0, B> ;N4O< 40=> ?@02> ?>;L7>20BLAO 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>;LH59 A2>1>4>9. B>=8 3>@074K 7;>C?>B@51;OBL 5N. !0< ?@>F5AA @07@CH5=8O =0H59 3>AC40@AB25==>9 ?8@0<84K =0 2=CB@5==5< ?;0=5 =0G0;AO =5 24@C3. -3@53>@ @07@CH5=8O 2 <5=B0;L=>< 2845 70@>48;AO ?>A;5 >AC645=8O 45O=89 !B0;8=0, 0 @07@CH8B5;L=K5 A8;K 40;8 > A515 7=0BL, :>340 8725AB=K5 =0< G;5=K >;8B1N@>, ?@5>4>;52 =54>25@85 8 ?>4>7@8B5;L=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C, 4>3>2>@8;0AL > B><, GB> «8:8BC =04> C18@0BL», 8 ?@8ABC?8;8 : @50;870F88 A2>53> 709 3@C??K @56=52 C?@02;O; >AC40@AB25==>9 8@0<84>9 18 ;5B, B.5. 420 A@>:0 ?> 9 ;5B. &8D@0 9 AG8B05BAO «G8A;>< <@0:0», >=0 :0: B>B 452OBK9 20;, GB> =5A5B 2 A515 <0:A8<0;L=K9 ?>B5=F80; @07@CH5=8O. 0 ?5@8>4 ?@02;5=8O @56=520 < 53> @568<0 A8<2>;8G5A:8< 8 @C:>B2>@=K< O2;O5BAO '5@=>1K;LA:89 A0@:>D03. B0:, 25@E=OO G0ABL =0H59 3>AC40@AB25==>9 ?8@0<84K, A =58<>25@=K< B@C4>< A>740==>9 2A5< =0@>4>< 70 ?5@2CN ?>;>28=C %% AB>;5B8O, 7;>C?>B@51;OO AB5?5=LN A2>1>4K (15A:>=B@>;L=>ABLN), =0G0;0 ?> AB@C:BC@=K< A2O7O< 2KA0AK20BL <0B5@80;L=K5 M=5@388 87 =87H8E A;>52 ?8@0<84K. B 871KB:0 <0B5@80;L=KE M=5@389 25@ECH:0 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 BCG=5;0, 2 B> 2@5 H5; ?@>F5AA @07@CH5=8O M=5@35B8G5A:8E (F5<5=B8@CNI8E) A2O759 =0 <>;5:C;O@=>< C@>2=5. > ?>@K 4> 2@5<5=8 @02=>25A85 ?>445@6820;>AL 1;03>40@O 1>;LH59 <0AA5 =86=59 G0AB8 ?8@0<84K ?> A@02=5=8N A 25@E=59 55 G0ABLN. > :>340 48A10;0=A <0B5@80;L=KE M=5@389 <564C B@CE;O2K< =87>< 8 BCG=K< 25@E>< 4>AB83 :@8B8G5A:>9 B>G:8, >=0 AB0;0 @0720;820BLAO. A;8 =0 ?5@2>< 452OB8;5B=5< F8:;5 25@ECH:0 3>AC40@AB25==>9 ?8@0<84K, 2KA0AK20O <0B5@80;L=K5 M=5@388, ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 5I5 =5 ?>;=>ABLN >A2>1>48;0AL >B AB@0E>2 70 2>7<>6=K5 ?>A;54AB28O 8 2020;0 A >3;O4:>9, B> 2> 2B>@>< 452OB8;5B=5< F8:;5 ?@>87>H;0 8E ?>;=0O <5B0<>@D>70 >=8 ?@52@0B8;8AL 2 <@0:>15A>2, E8<5@ 8 GC4>28I. > <5@5 @>AB0 8 CBCG=5=8O 8< B@51>20;>AL 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 <0B5@80;L=KE M=5@389, 8 >=8 1@0;8 55 345 B>;L:> <>6=>, ?@5=51@530O 70:>=0<8, 701K2 > B0:8E ?>=OB8OE, :0: A>25ABL, G5ABL 8 <>@0;L. =>385 <0B5@80;L=> 8 M=5@35B8G5A:8 >?CAB>H5==K5 8=48284CC52 ?@52@0B8;8AL 2 ?@82845=8O (2 >1>;>G:C 157 2=CB@5==53> A>45@68<>3>), A><=0<1C;K, M=5@35B8G5A:8E ?0@0;8B8:>2, CB@0B82H8E B2>@G5A:>5 =0G0;> 8 8=48284C0;L=>ABL. "0:85 «A>AB02=K5 G0AB8» 1K;8 C4>1=K 4;O 8@0<84K, 8 5A;8 2 ?5@2>< 452OB8;5B=5< F8:;5 (:>=5F 60-E 8 =0G0;> 70-E 3>4>2) M=5@35B8G5A:85 8 B2>@G5A:85 2A?;5A:8, =5A<>B@O =0 :>=B@>;L !8AB52>;L=> G0AB>, B> 2> 2B>@>< 452OB8;5B=5< F8:;5 8E AB0=>28;>AL 2A5 <5=LH5 8 <5=LH5. # ?>402;ONI53> 1>;LH8=AB20 B@572>5 A>7=0=85 1K;> ?>4<5=5=> 8;;N7859 > ?@028;L=>9, 4>1@>9 2;0AB8, =>@<0;L=>9 A>7840B5;L=>9 687=8, B0: GB> ?>2>4>2 4;O ?@>B5AB>2 2@>45 1K 8 =5 1K;>. ?>A;54AB288 MB>B ?5@8>4 0=0;8B8:8 >E0@0:B5@87>20;8 :0: ?5@8>4 70AB>O, => =0 A0<>< 45;5 >= :C40 EC65. -B> 1K; ?5@8>4 B8E>3> <@0:>15A8O 8 <54;5==>3> @07;>65=8O, 2K40205<>3> 70 ?@>F25B0=85 «@0728B>3> A>F80;87<0». !;54AB285< ?>;8B8:8 1@56=52A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 1K; ?>AB5?5==K9 2=CB@5==89 @0A?04 3>AC40@AB20 =0 C@>2=5 <>;5:C;O@=KE A2O759 ?@8 A>E@0=5=88 2848<>AB8 2=5H=59 D>@AL 2 B;5= 8 ?@0E, AB>9:>9 >AB020;0AL ;8HL 8;;N78O ?@028;L=>9 687=8. "0: GB> @0A?04 !!! ?@>87>H5; =5 ?> 5AB5AB25==K< 70:>=0< @>645=8O 8 A<5@B8, 0 ?> 70:>=0< A0<>@07@CH5=8O. B0:, >A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 @07@CH5=8O 3>AC40@AB25==>9 ?8@0<84K 8 2A5E >B@0A;59 =0@>4=>3> E>7O9AB20 O28;AO M=5@35B8G5A:89 48A10;0=A <0B5@80;L=K9 8 4CE>2=K9. @>ABL @01>B0;0 =0 87=>A, A@54AB20 2 >1=>2;5=85 B5E=>;>389 ?>GB8 =5 2:;04K20;8AL. 0: B>;L:> ?>O2;O;AO A;8H:>< HCAB@K9 8 8=8F80B82=K9 ?@>872>4AB25==8:, 53> : =>3BN. !B0;0 @0A?@>AB@0=5==>9 D@070: «'B>, B515 1>;LH5 2A5E =04>?». "> 65 A0<>5 1K;> 8 2 A5;LA:>< E>7O9AB25: 1C<06=K5 C@>608, 1C<06=K5 @5:>@4K. 0:>5-B> 2@55 E>7O9AB2> 5I5 45@60;>AL =0 ;N128 ?@54B5G : A2>59 75<;5, => >=8 C<8@0;8, 0 <>;>456L 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A2>5< =5 65;0;0 B@C48BLAO =0 75<;5 8 ?>:840;0 @>4=K5 <5AB0. BGC645=85 =0H53> >1I5AB20 >B 75<;8 ?>4E>48;> : A2>59 :@8B8G5A:>9 D075, 2A;54 70 G5< >1KG=> A;54C5B :0B0AB@>D0. -B>B ?5@8>4 D0;LH8 8 A0<>>1<0=>2 <=8< E>@>H>. 8B8 D0;LH8 >?CB0;8 8 =0C:C, >=0 ?5@5AB0;0 A>>B25BAB2>20BL B@51>20=8O< KAH59 M:A?5@B87K, :>B>@0O 8 2K=5A;0 A;54CNI89 25@48:B: «A5 4> >4=>3> >=8 15AA5 CG5=85 MB> 45@52>. 57C25: 2 A2>5< 7=0=88, A@0<8B A51O 2AO:89 ?;028;LI8: 8ABC:0=>< A2>8<, 81> 2K?;02;5==>5 8< 5ABL ;>6L, =5B 2 =5< 4CE0» (5@. 10: 8,14). @02>, AB>8;>, =025@=>5, @07@CH8BL 25AL DC=40<5=B =0C:8, GB>1K 2KO28BL B5E, :B> 8AB8==> 59 ?@540=, 0 :B> «?;028B 8ABC:0=>2». >@10G52 BCB 2>2A5 =5 ?@8 G5<. = >:070;AO ?>4 @C:>9 C >1I5AB20 2 <><5=B >1@CH5=8O ?8@0<84K 8 ?>B>7;>< >B?CI5=8O», B0: :0: =5 A<>3 2K?>;=8BL B@51>20=85 40BL <=>3> 8 A@07C. :B> 1 53> 2K?>;=8;? 128=OBL 53> - 2A5 @02=> GB> >128=OBL, 4>?CAB8<, ?8;>B0, =07=0G5==>3> 2K?>;=8BL @59A =0 @0720;NE5 A 2=5H=59 D>@<>9 A0<>;5B0, :>B>@K9 ?@8 ?>?KB:5 27;5B5BL =587156=> 4>;65= 1K; @0720;8BLAO. > D0:B>@ =587156=>AB8 A@010BK205B A> AB>?@>F5=B=>9 25@>OB=>ABLN B>;L:> =0 <0B5@80;L=>< ?;0=5, 0 =0 1>;55 2KA>:8E C@>2=OE 2>;O 8 4CE ;845@0 <>3CB <=>3>5 87<5=8BL, 4065 2 A0<>9 :@8B8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88. >@10G52 1K; ?>A;54=59 =04564>9 >3>A0 ?> C:@5?;5=8N 3>AC40@AB25==>AB8 !!! , 8 >= MB> GC2AB2>20;, B0: :0: A@07C 65 703>2>@8; > ?5@5AB@>9:5, > 2>AAB0=>2;5=88 10;0=A0 A8; 2 >1I5AB25, >1 CA:>@5=88, B.5. ?>2KH5=88 M=5@389=>AB8 >1I5AB20. >@10G520 >128=O;8 2 =5 >G5=L >?@545;5==KE 2KA:07K20=8OE, 2 53> <0=5@5 3>2>@8BL 2>:@C3 40 >:>;>, => 8<5==> 2 MB>9 <0=5@5 1K;0 53> A8;0 8 =5CO728<>ABL (4> ?>@K 4> 2@5<5=8), B0: :0: >=0 CAK?;O;0 148B5;L=>ABL >:@C60NI8E 53> <>=AB@>2 8 GC4>28I, :>B>@K5 2 >48= <83 ?@>3;>B8;8 1K 53>, 2KA:068AL >= 1>;55 >?@545;5==>. >= ?>;L7>20;AO MB>9 70I8B=>9 A8;>9, C6 =5 7=0N :0: - A>7=0B5;L=> 8;8 15AA>7=0B5;L=>. ;02=K<8 7040G0<8 8E08;0 !5@35528G0 1K;8 A;54CNI85: @0AB>@<>H8BL >1I5AB2>, 2K25AB8 53> 87 A>AB>O=8O ABC?>@0 8 A?OG:8, ?@840BL 52K9 87840B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 A2>1>4=>E@0=5=88 2A5E >G5284=KE ?@58F80;8AB8G5A:>3> AB@>O. 5>1KG=>ABL 53> ;8G=>AB8 2 B><, GB> 70 2AN 8AB>@8N G5;>25G5AB20 >= AB0; ?5@2K< G5;>25:><, ?>?KB02H825AB8 @52>;NF8>==K5 ?@5>1@07>20=8O >1I5AB20 F828;87>20==K< M2>;NF8>==K< ?CB5<, =5 4>?CA:0O >1KG=KE 4;O B0:8E ?>2>@>B=KE <><5=B>2 AB8E89=KE @07@CH8B5;L=KE A8; (2K2>4 A45;0= =0 >A=>25 =0B0;L=>9 :0@BK 8E08;0 !5@35528G0 >@10G520). > =53> MB0 7040G0 =8 ?5@54 :5< =5 AB028;0AL =5 ?>72>;O; C@>25=L A>7=0=8O >1I5AB20. 3> ?>4286:8 2 MB>< =0?@02;5=88 <>6=> @0AA<0B@820BL 4> =5:>B>@>9 AB5?5=8 :0: 0?@>10F8N. KAH89 @07C< :0: 1K A>25B>20;: ?>?@>1C9B5, <>65B 8 C40ABAO 2K9B8 87 :@878A=>3> A>AB>O=8O =5 G5@57 ?>;=>5 @07@CH5=85, 0 ?CB5< ?5@5@0A?@545;5=8O 2=CB@5==8E M=5@389. "0:85 <0=8?C;OF88 ?> ?5@5@0A?@545;5=8N M=5@389 2 8@0<845 C:@5?8;8 1K 55, GB> =5 CAB@0820;> >AB02H8EAO <@0:>15A>2 8 E8<5@, B0: :0: 8< ?@8H;>AL 1K ?>ABC?8BLAO 2A52;0AB85<. !>E@0=OO <>=>;8B=>5 548=AB2>, 25@E=OO G0ABL 8@0<84K <>I=>9 3@C4>9 2>72KH0;0AL =04 >:@C60NI8<8 55 >1;><:0<8 8 2A5<8 A8;0<8 AB@5<8;0AL C45@60BLAO =025@EC, E>BO 1K =0 B@C?0E. 50;L=> 8<52H89AO H0=A ?@5>1@07>20BL >1I5AB2> 157 @07@CH5=89 1K; A>@20=, 0 ?>B5=F80;L=K9 @50;870B>@ MB>3> ?;0=0 =0A8;LAB25==> >BAB@0=5= >B 2;0AB8. =B5@5A5= ?0@04>:A: 70G8=I8:8 ?5@52>@>B0 90-3>4>2, A ?5=>9 C @B0 :@8B8:>202H85 @52>;NF8N 1917 3>40, ?@8153;8 : <5B>40<, =5 <5=55 @048:0;L=K<, => 2>>@C682H8AL ?@8 MB>< =5 2KAH8<8 845O<8, 0 845>;>3859 =50=45@B0;LA:>9 4C18=:8. =8 8, ?>4 2;8O=85< D878>;>38G5A:8E 8=AB8=:B>2, ?>?KB0;8AL 27OBL A8BC0F8N 2 A2>8 @C:8, <0;> 25@O 2 2>7<>6=>ABL 8A?>;=5=8O A2>8E F8=8G=KE 702. =04> 6 B0:>B0;. 0 8 :0: 65 5 =5 A@01>B0BL, 5A;8 C6 B0: ?>25;>AL 2 =0H5< <8@5, GB> G5@=K5 45O=8O 1KAB@> =0E>4OB ?>445@6:C, 0 A25B;K5 2AB@5G0NB C?>@=>5 A>?@>B82;5=85. 5;>256A:>9 CI5 B@>5 7020@8;8 :0HC, 0 @0AE;51K20BL 55 2A59 AB@0=5 ?@845BAO 5I5 >G5=L 4>;3>. 0209B5 ?>?@>1C5< @07;8G8BL 2A5 AB0488, :>B>@K5 ?@54H5AB2CNB A>740=8N ;N1>3> <0B5@80;L=>3> >1J5:B0, :0:>3> C3>4=> ABC;, AB>;, 4><, 68;>9 :20@B0;, 3>@>4, 3>AC40@AB2>, ?;0=5B0 8 B.4.. B2>@8<>< >1J5:B5 ?@5645 2A53> 4>;6=0 ?>O28BLAO =5>1E>48<>ABL, B0: :0: 157 =5>1E>48<>AB8 =8:B>, 8728=8B5, ?0;5F >1 ?0;5F =5 C40@8B. >;65= 1KBL B0:65 5:B>, :B> 8A?KBK205B =5>1E>48<>ABL 2 40==>< <0B5@80;L=>< >1J5:B5. A;8 :>?CAB8< ABC;, >= 8 =5 1C45B > =5< 15A?>:>8BLAO. B0:, ?5@20O, 4CE>2=0O, D070 A>740=8O <0B5@80;L=>3> >1J5:B0 A2O70=0 A =0;8G85< =5:>9 ;8G=>9 2>;8, ;8G=>3> D0:B>@0, :>B>@>3> O =07>2C 5:B>, ?@8G5< MB>B 5:B> 4>;65= 8A?KBK20BL =5>1E>48<>ABL 2 :0:><-B> <0B5@80;L=>< >1J5:B5. 0 2B>@>9, <5=B0;L=>9, D075 845B >A@1J5:B, : ?@8<5@C B>B 65 ABC;: 2KA>:8< 8;8 =87:8<, :0:85 1C4CB C =53> =>6:8, A?8=:0, =C6=0 >182:0 8;8 =5 =C6=0 (2 7028A8<>AB8 >B =5>1E>48<>AB8 - =0 :CE=5 >= =C65= 8;8 2 :018=5B5), :0:>9 <0B5@80; 8A?>;L7>20BL 45@52> 8;8 ?;0AB8:. B0: 40;55. "> 5ABL >14C@8A>2K205BAO G5@B56 40==>3> <0B5@80;L=>3> >1J5:B0. 0 B@5BL59, <0B5@80;L=>9, D075 =0G8=05BAO =5?>A@54AB25==> 459AB285: 5:B> 845B 70 2K1@0==K< <0B5@80;><, @565B, ?8;8B, AB@>305B 53>, A>548=O5B 2>548=> >B45;L=K5 45B0;8 8 ?>;CG05B 65;051J5:B, A>>B25BAB2CNI89 >1@07C 8 ?>4>18N A2>53> B2>@F0-A>740B5;O. KA;L >1 >1@075 8 ?>4>188 B2>@F0 8 B2>@5=8O E>@>H> ?5@540=0 2 A:07:5 > B@5E ?>@>AOB0E, :064K9 87 :>B>@KE ?>AB@>8; 4><8: ?> A2>59 2=CB@5==59 ACI=>AB8, B.5. ?> A2>51@07C 8 ?>4>18N: >B25BAB25==K9 8 >A=>20B5;L=K9 ?>@>A5=>: - 87 :0<=O, 157>B25BAB25==K9 8 ;53:>3>, GB> 5425@=C;>AL ?>4 @C:C. "0:8< >1@07><, 5A;8 5:B> ?> A2>59 ACB8 BO?-;O?=K9, B0:>3> 65 :0G5AB20 1C45B 8 53> B2>@5=85, E>BO 1K B>B 65 ABC;. > >:>=G0=88 ;N1>3> B2>@5=8O 2A5340 702O7K205BAO =>20O F5?>G:0 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==KE A2O759. A;8 2 A845=L5 ABC;0, =0?@8<5@, B>@G0B 32>748, <>6=> ?>@0=8BLAO. 072820NI0OAO 40;55 F5?>G:0 A>1KB89 =0G8=05B 2;8OBL =0 687=L B>3>, :B> ?>;L7C5BAO A2>8< «@C:>45;85<», 2>2;5:0O 53> 2 :0:>9-B> =>2K9 :@C3 =5>1E>48<>AB8: ?>@0=82H8AL > 32>74L, >= 2K=C645= ?@>?CAB8BL @01>BC, B0: :0: 5 ?>9B8 =0 ?@85< : 2@0GC, ?@>?CAB82 65 @01>BC, >= =5 ?>;CG8B 65;05<>9 4>;6=>AB8. B0: 40;55. >=:@5B=KE 20@80=B>2 @0728B8O A8BC0F89 <=>65AB2>, => ACBL 2A5E MB8E <=>65AB2 >4=0: 25:B>@ 687=8 MB>3> 5:B> =5<=>3> 87<5=8;AO, 873>B>2;5==K9 8< ABC; ?@82=5A 2 53> 687=L A2>8 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==K5 A2O78. 52 ">;AB>9 >G5=L E>@>H> >?8A0; ?>4>1=CN A8BC0F8N 2 :=835 «87=L 20=0 ;L8G0». 20= ;L8G, 25H0O HB>@K 2 =>2>< 4><5, 2AB0; =0 =5?@>G=K9 ABC;, C?0; A =53>, CH81 ?>G:C, 8 A MB>3> <><5=B0 =0G0;AO 53> <54;5==K9, => =5>B2@0B85 87 :@C30 53> 8=B5@5A>2 2KB5A=8;0 A>A@54>B>G5==>ABL =0 B5<5 A<5@B8, >= >:070;AO 2 A>25@H5==> 4@C3>9 @50;L=>AB8, B.5. 2 4@C3>< :@C35 =5>1E>48<>AB8. '5< 1>;LH5 <0B5@80;L=K9 >1J5:B, B5<, 5AB5AB25==>, 1>;LH5 C<>2 8 @C: ?@82;5:05BAO : 53> A>740=8N 8 C25;8G8205BAO ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABL :064>9 D07K. @>5:B=K5 @01>BK ?> AB@>8B5;LAB2C 4><0 254CBAO =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52, 0 A0<> AB@>8B5;LAB2> 8AG8A;O5BAO 3>40<8, 3>@>40 AB@>OBAO 45AOB:0<8 8 A>B=O<8 ;5B, 3>AC40@AB20 A>B=O<8 8 BKAOG0<8 ;5B, 0 ?;0=5BK <8;;8>=0<8 8 <8;;80@40<8 ;5B. 2 5;>256A:>9 ?CI5 B@8 ;8E0G0 2A5 @5H8;8 >4=8< @>AG5@:>< ?5@0! >4?8A0;8 4>3>2>@ >1 >1@07>20=88 !/" +% !# !" (!!!) 157 ?@>E>645=8O ?@54CA<>B@5==KE >A<8G5A:8< 0:>=>< 2A5E ?@54K4CI8E D07 A>7840=8O, B.5. 3>AC40@AB2, =5 ?>4:@5?;5==KE =8:0:8<8 2840<8 M=5@389 =8 4CE>2=K<8, =8 <5=B0;L=K<8, =8 <0B5@80;L=K<8. 0 B0:>< C@>2=5 A>7840=8O ?5@28G=>5 5:B> <>3;> 1KBL ?@54AB02;5=> B>;L:> =0@>40<8 MB8E AB@0=, 0 =0@>4K-B> :0: @07 =8 A=>< =8 4CE>< =5 2540;8. ">;L:> MB0 AC3C10O B@>9:0 8 8A?KBK20;0 ?>B@51=>ABL 2 40==>< :@C35 =5>1E>48<>AB8, B.5. 2 70E20B5 «=0A;54AB20» 8 2;0AB8 ;N1>9 F5=>9. > =5 =0@>4. A0<>5 =5?>=OB=>5 254L =8:B> =5 AE20B8; 8E 70 @C:C, =5 =0720; 8E 3>AC40@AB25==K<8 ?@5ABC?=8:0<8, =5 ?@540; AC4C. >65B 1KBL, ?> B>9 ?@8G8=5, GB> 8E 45O=8O A>>B25BAB2>20;8 ?>4A>7=0B5;L=K< G0O=8O< 1>;LH59 G0AB8 :>;;5:B820 > ?>;=>9 A2>1>45 :0: > 2A54>72>;5==>AB8 8 157=0:070==>AB8? <>65B 1KBL, 25@E8 ?@>O28;8 ?0AA82=>ABL ?> B>9 ?@8G8=5, GB> 1>O;8AL @0A?;0BK 70 15AA>25AB=K9 3@0156. >4>7@5=85 2?>;=5 ;>38G=>5, ?>4>1=K9 <5B>4 >1KG=K9 4;O ?@5ABC?=8:>2: >3@0182 4><, >=8 27@K20NB 8;8 ?>46830NB 53>, GB>1 70<5AB8 A;54K. <>65B 1KBL, >3 A0=:F8>=8@>20; MBC 0:F8N :0: !2>9 =52: > G5< 2>645;5;8, B> 8 ?>;CG09B5, <>65B, ?>C<=55B5. 0 40==>< 8AB>@8G5A:>< >B@57:5 :0 5I5 2?@025 ?>;L7>20BLAO A2>1>4>9 2K1>@0, ?@0240, 87 2A5E 20@80=B>2 ?OBL 2K1@0;8 =08EC4H89. =>385 4065 >4>1@ONB 459AB28O 35@>52-35@>AB@0B>2, <>B828@CO B5<, GB> >=8, 45A:0BL, ;8HL 4>:C<5=B0;L=> ?>4B25@48;8 D0:B @0A?040 !!! . > O2;5=85 @0A?040 40;5:> =5 >4=>7=0G=>. @54AB02LB5 A515 425 @07@CH0NI85AO A:0;K - :0: 420 20@80=B0 @07@CH5=8O. 4=0 A:0;0 @CH8BAO ?> B>9 ?@8G8=5, GB> 55 =86=OO 8 A@54=OO G0ABL ?@52@0B8;0AL 2 ?5A>:. @C30O 65 A:0;0 @0AB@5A:0;0AL 8 ?> MB>9 ?@8G8=5 @0A?0405BAO =0 >B45;L=K5, => 5I5 ?@>G=K5 D@03<5=BK. 0@80=B @07@CH5=8O !!! 1K; ?5@2K9, 0 =5 2B>@>9. !K?0;>AL 2AO ?8@0<840, @07@CH5=8O A2O759 A A>N7=K<8 @5A?C1;8:0<8 =5 1K;>, 8E =0@>4K C65 A@>4=8;8AL <564C A>1>9, 70 8A:;NG5=85< @0725 GB> @810;B8:8. / 2>2A5 =5 CB25@640N, GB> A>N7=K5 @5A?C1;8:8 =5 <>3;8 ?@5B5=4>20BL =0 AB0BCA A2>1>4=>3> 3>AC40@AB20. / ?@>2>6C 4@C3CN 45;05BAO. <510 8 B0 >B?>G:>2K205B G0ABL A2>53> >@30=87<0, :>340 B0 A?>A>1=0 DC=:F8>=8@>20BL A0<>AB>OB5;L=>. BCB @C10=C;8 ?> 682> :@>2L 1@K7=C;0 2> 2A5 AB>@>=K, @C10=C;8 ?> =0@>4=>9 ?0 @>4AB25==K< C70<, ?> <>38;0< ?@54:>2, ?> =5@20<, ?> 68;0<, ?> A2O7O<. B0:, =5 1K;> 5@28G=>3> 5:B> A ?>;=>?@02=K<8 ?>;=><>G8O<8 @5H0BL 2>?@>A > =>2>< :@C35 =5>1E>48<>AB8 MB> @07. BACBAB2>20;8 8 >AB0;L=K5 D07K B2>@5=8O. =0G5 3>2>@O, 2 ?>A;54=55 45AOB8;5B85 %% 25:0 1K;0 A>740=0 ?CAB0O >1>;>G:0, :>B>@0O =0 D878G5A:>< ?;0=5 O2;O;0 A>1>9 :@C3 ?CAB>BK, >B:@KBK9 4;O 2B>@65=8O A8; E0>A0, 0 =0 4CE>2=>< ?;0=5 - 3>AC40@AB2>-?@82845=85, G5@57 <0;>5 2@5I5@82H55AO 3>;>4=K< >A:0;><. 'B>1K =0?>;=8BL A2>N >1>;>G:C A>45@68O;> 8;8 3@018BL, 8;8 E>48BL A ?@>BO=CB>9 @C:>9, 8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 AB0BL >1C7>9 4;O <8@>2>3> A>>1I5AB20. # =0A @50;87>20;AO 20@80=B A>2<5I5=8O 3@01560 A ?>?@>H09=8G5AB2><. CAB0O >1>;>G:0 157 D>@45@60=8O 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 A>>B25BAB2>20;0 55 «B2>@F0<-A>740B5;O<». , 60;:89 @>4 A;5?F>2! 5B E8B@>AB59, :0:8E 1K 4>?KB0BLAO "K =5 AC<5;, C?>@=K9 G5;>25:. 5AOB:0<8 BK 8E AG8B05HL BKAOG. 54>AB8684=> ;8HL #<5=85: =0CG8BL 57C 459AB2>20BL 8 B25BAB25==>AB8, 8=AB8=:B82=>9 03@5AA88 8 89 0:B82=>AB8 B@5E ;8E>4552 1K;0 702O70=0 A>>B25BAB2CNI0O F5?>G:0 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==KE A2O759. 5@5G8A;OBL 2A5 A;54AB28O 8E 45O=89 A;8H:>< 4>;3>. '5@BK «B2>@F>2-A>740B5;59» ?@>5F8@>20;8AL =0 C<, 4CHC 8 B5;> =0@>40, 0 GB> A =8< B2>@8;>AL 8 B2>@8BAO 4> A8E ?>@ 28@CAK 157-C<8O, F8=87<0, 0;G8, 157>B25BAB25==>AB8 8 2A54>72>;5==>AB8 >E20B8;8 2A5 A>F80;L=K5 AD5@K 8 A;>8 >1I5AB20. MB>< 3>AC40@AB25-?@82845=88 2>;L3>B=> GC2AB2>20;8 A51O 2 >A=>2=>< B5 GC4>28I0, E8<5@K 8 ?@82845=8O, :>B>@K5 @0A?;>48;8AL 2 ?5@8>4 2B>@>9 452OB:8 1@56=52A:>3> ?@02;5=8O. =8 AB0;8 =01820BL A2>5 =CB@> G5< ?>?0;>, ;8HL 1K 70?>;=8BL 53> 4> >B:070, A>@52=COAL 2 B>< A 4@C38<8 E0?C30<8, 45:;0@8@CNI8<8 A2>8 ?@020 ?> «2>72@0I5=8N >B=OB>3>»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«B2>@5F-A>740B5;L» @57:8<8 B5;>42865=8O<8 BCB 65 @25B, 8 @57C;LB0B - :0: 2 B>9 ;02:5, 345 ?>E>7O9=8G0; A;>=: :@C3>< G5@5?:8, =5B =8 >4=>3> F5;>3> A>AC40. 1@07=> 3>2>@O, =04 @>AA89A:8< 3>AC40@AB2>< 7028A;8 =5:85 A8;K, :>B>@K5 <>6=> ?@54AB028BL A515 2 2845 ?5@8>48G5A:8 >?CA:0NI59AO >3@><=>9 :C20;4K, 8 MB8 A8;K, 5AB5AB25==>, @07=>A8;8 2 I5?:8 2A5, GB> :B>-B> CA?520; ?>AB@>8BL 70 ?@><56CB>: 2@5<5=8 <564C 42C3@0<<0 1K;0 70?CI5=0 «A>N7>< B@5E» 2 5;>256A:>9 ?CI5. -B> 1K; - & A>740==>3> 8<8 3>AC40@AB20, 8 53> =530B82=K5 A;54AB28O 1C4CB 4020BL > A515 7=0BL 5I5 >G5=L 4>;3> >:>;> 490 ;5B. AB@0=5 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 >AB0;>AL =8G53> F5;>3>, =5:>340 548=K5 =0@>4K =0G0;8 C1820BL 4@C3 4@C30, 0 G8A;> 65@B2 B>;L:> 70 3>4K @048:0;L=KE «45<>:@0B8G5A:8E» @5D>@< 4>AB83;> ?>GB8 15 <8;;8>=>2 G5;>25: (A0<>C189AB20, :@8<8=0;, =0@:>B8:8, ?LO=AB2>), GB> ?@52>AE>48B 4065 <0AHB01K @5?@5AA89 1937-1938 3>4>2 («0C:0 8 @5;838O», ! 7, 2003, A. 2). >A;5 @07@CH5=8O :>=B@>;8@CNI8E A8;>2KE AB@C:BC@ 8AG57;> 8E A:@KB>5 402;5=85 =0 >1I5AB2>, => 2<5AB> MB>3> ?>O28;>AL A:@KB>5 402;5=85 :@8<8=0;L=KE AB@C:BC@, ?>B> ?@8@>40 =5 B5@?8B ?CAB>BK, 8 ;CB>=, M=5@388 :>B>@>3> A>>B25BAB2CNB C?>;=5G=>9 A8AB5:0 5I5 =8:C40 =5 4520;AO. 4=0 :@09=>ABL 2 >G5@54=>9 @07 ?5@5H;0 2 4@C3CN. !@02=820O 420 20@80=B0, ?> 0=0;>388 A> A@02=5=85<, GB> ;CGH5 ?C30;> =0 >3>@>45 8;8 2>@>=L5, ?>68@0NI55 C@>609, - <>6=> ?>=OBL, :0:>9 87 =8E O2;O5B A>1>9 <5=LH55 7;>. ;LF8= 2K?>;=8; A2>N =530B82=CN <8AA8N - AB0; :0B0;870B>@>< ?@>F5AA0 E0>A0. > 4065 8 BCB 5ABL A2>8 =51>;LH85 ?;NAK. ) 'B> 1K;> ?;>E> 4;O =0A (@0720; ?@>AB8), B> >15@=C;>AL 4>1@>< 4;O ?@8@>4K, :>B>@0O ?>;CG8;0 :>@>B:CN ?5@54KH:C, A<>3;0 274>E=CBL 8 >40@8BL =0A 65 A2>8< @0AF25B><, >G8I5=85< 2>4 8 2>74CE0. ) >1I5AB25 ?@>87>H;0 48DD5@5=F80F8O (2KO2;5=85, :B> 5ABL :B>), 2 =5< >BG5B;82> ?@>O28;8AL B@8 3@C??K GC4>28I0, ?@82845=8O 8 B5, :B> A>E@0=8; 2 A515 G5;>25:0, A>E@0=8; 75@=> B2>@G5A:>3> 4CE0 2>?@5:8 2A5 >G5=L 206=> 4;O >A<8G5A:>3> :0. >A;54=NN G=N. @56=89 @568< =5 ?>72>;O; 2KO28BL, :B> 5ABL :B> =0 ?5@A>=0;L=>< C@>2=5. 57:>5 87<5=5=85 A8BC0F88 ?@8 A<5=5 M?>E8 K1 =0 M?>EC >4>;5O <>6=> A@02=8BL A 2K1@>A>< :>AO:0 @K1 @07=KE ?>@>4 87 2>4K =0 15@53. 064>9 «@K15» ?@54AB>O;> 2K6820BL A0<>AB>OB5;L=>, 4;O G53> 8< =04> 1K;> ?@>O28BL 87 3;C18= A2>53> «O» 4>A5;5 =5 8A?>;L7>202H85AO 7=0=8O 8 C<5=8O. AB8==K5 B2>@FK, ?;N=C2 =0 ?>;8B8:C 8 <0B5@80;L=K5 1;030, A0<>70125==> >B40;8AL ?@>F5AAC B2>@G5AB20, 0 M=5@38G=K5 ;N48 AB0;8 B2>@8BL A2>8 <0B5@80;L=K5 <8@K, =5 4>6840OAL ?><>I8 ?@028B5;59. -B> 45;LD8=K. @C385, >?LO=52 >B A2>1>4K, 2A54>72>;5==>AB8 8 157=0:070==>AB8, =01@>A8;8AL =0 A2>8E A>1@0BL52, GB>1K ?>6@0BL 8E. -B> 0:C;K. "@5BL8 @0AB5@O;8AL, 2 3;C18=0E 8E 4CH =5 >:070;>AL =8G53> =8 M=5@389 459AB28O, =8 B2>@G5A:>3> >3=O, =8 4065 :@>2>604=>AB8. -B> <5;:85 @K15H:8, <54C7K 8 ?@8;8?0;K. 'B>1K 4>18BLAO >B B@5BL59 :0B53>@88 ;N459 E>BL :0:8E-B> 459AB289, ACI5AB2C5B 8A?KB0==K9 <5B>4 - 3>;>4: 70E>G5HL 5ABL, 2>7L<5HLAO 70 45;>. 0:0O-B> G0ABL B0: 8 ?>ABC?8;0, => 40;5:> =5 2A5. =>385, 2<5AB> B>3> GB>1K ?>9B8 B@C4=K< ?CB5< 1>@L1K 70 2K6820=85, 2AB0;8 =0 =87H89 ?CBL - 70D8:A8@>20;8AL 2 =KBL5, 15A:>=5G=KE 60;>10E 8 B@51>20=88 ?>40G5:, ?@>:;8=0O 2A5E 8 2AO. =8 ?>BO=C;8AL : M:AB@0A5=A0< 8 <030< 2A5E <0AB59, >15I0NI8< 8< @09A:85 1;030. "0:8< >1@07><, 2 90-5 3>4K %% 25:0, ?5@54 =0ABC?;5=85< M?>E8 >4>;5O, =0H5 >1I5AB2> ?@>H;> 5I5 >4=C (=5 ?>A;54=NN) D07C 48DD5@5=F80F88. @>O282 A51O 2 B>< 8;8 8=>< 2845, :064K9 @0A:@K; A2>N 3;C18==CN ACI=>ABL, :>B>@0O @0=LH5 M:@0=8@>20;0AL :>;;5:B82=K< M3@53>@><. F5=82 @50;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 :064>3> 8=48284CC<0, A5;5=A:89 07C< B5?5@L C65 A<>65B 157>H81>G=> >?@545;8BL, :>3> :0: E;0< 2K1@>A8BL 87 =>2>3> :@C30 =5>1E>48<>AB8, 0 :>3> 4>?CAB8BL : >1CAB@>9AB2C >1I5AB20 1C4CI53> 8 : 687=8 ?> =>2K< 70:>=0< 1KB8O. B01;8F5, :>B>@0O ?@82545=0 =865, O ?5@5G8A;ON ABC?5=8 8;8 D07K =0H59 =>259H59 8AB>@88 2 @8B<5 A<5=K CA;>2=KE 7=0:>2 >480:0 ?> 0=0;>388 A> AB@>8B5;LAB2>< 4><0. >5 @0A?>;>65=85 <0B5@80;0, E>BO >= 8 =5 B01;8G=K9, C4>1=> 4;O A@02=5=8O ?>AB02;5==KE 7040G =0 :064>9 ABC?5=8 8 ?>;CG5==KE @57C;LB0B>2. "01;8F0. A=>2=K5 D07K =>259H59 8AB>@88 2 @8B<5 A<5=K CA;>2=KE 7=0:>2 >480:0 $07K 'B> =04> 1K;> A45;0BL 'B> A45;0;8 K1K: :>=5F F8:;0 (8:>;09 II) AB5AB25==>5 >:>=G0=85 F8:;0 <>=0@E88, 4>1@>2>;L=K9 >B:07 8@0 >B ?@5AB>;0 5AB>G09H55 A>?@>B82;5=85, 03>=8O, =0A8;LAB25==>5 ?@8=5A5=85 2 65@B2C 8@A:>9 A55 =0G0;> =>2>3> F8:;0 (5=8=) >2K5 8458, 3>@OG55 2@52KE =0G8=0=89. !>AB02;5=85 «0@E8B5:BC@=>3> ?@>5:B0 1C4CI53> 4><0» >2K5 8458, 3>@OG55 2@52KE =0G8=0=89. !>AB02;5=85 «0@E8B5:BC@=>3> ?@>5:B0 1C4CI53> 4><0» "5;5F: A>740=85 <0B5@80;L=KE D>@< (!B0;8=) 0B5@80;870F8O ?;0=>2, =0G0;> AB@>8B5;LAB20 DC=40<5=B0, 2>72545=85 AB5= (B0:85 @01>BK >1KG=> 254CBAO 70 2KA>:8< 701>@><.). >4=OB85 A5;LA:>3> E>7O9AB20, BO65;>9 ?@>AB8, ?>;CG5=85 ?@0:B8G5A:8E @57C;LB0B>2. A5 70=OBK BO65;K< B@C4><, =5 4> @073>2>@>2. >AB@>5=K 2A5 =5>1E>481J5:BK, ?>;CG5=K ?@0:B8G5A:85 @57C;LB0BK. A5 1K;8 70=OBK BO65;K< B@C4><, =5 4> @073>2>@>2 ;87=5FK: <5=B0;870F8O (%@CI52) 0 «AB@>OI89AO >1J5:B»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«4>3>=8< 8 ?5@53>=8<», :>=D;8:B0E A 8=B5;;835=F859 0:: 2=CB@5==85 ?@5>1@07>20=8O (@56=52) =CB@5==OO >B45;:0 «4><0». ;O AB@0=K: @5H5=85 2A5E ?@>1;5<, A2O70==KE A <0B5@8=AB2>< 8 <;045=G5AB2><, 4>H:>;L=K< 2>A?8B0=85<, AB@>8B5;LAB2>< 68;LO, @0728B85< ?8I52>9 ?@>AB8 ?> ?@>3@0<<5 =0:>@<8BL AB@0=C @028B5;LAB2> A?@OB0;>AL >B =0@>40 70 ?0=F8@5<, AB@>8;8 A515 4><0 8 40G8, A>740;8 A5BL 70:@KBKE :>@?CA:0;AO =8:B>, :@><5 25@ECH:8. A5 45;0;>AL 2B8E0@O, H8B>-:@KB>. C:0 @ 87 871K =5 2K=>A8;8 52: ?>O2;5=85 C25@5==>AB8 ;N459 2 A515, @0728B85 B2>@G5A:8E A?>A>1=>AB59 (=4@>?>2) B45;:0 «D0A040». ;O AB@0=K: ?>8A: B0;0=B>2, ?@8=OB85 ?@>3@0<< ?> @0728B8N B2>@G5A:>9 <>;>4568 52 >A<>B@5; «AB@>9:C» 8 C2845;, GB> 2A5 @073@01;5=> =0 ;8G=K5 =C64K. K:=C; 8 ?>1560; ;>28BL 2>@>2. C40 B0<: GB>1 4>3=0BL 2A5E 2>@>2, =5 E20B8B 8 BKAOG ;L2>2. !5@4F5 =5 2K45@60;> 520: 0=0;87 <5;:8E >H81>:, 8E 8A?@02;5=85. ('5@=5=:>) «4><5» 845B 4>45;:0, 2K?>;=ONBAO <5;:85 @01>BK, <>NB >:=0 8 ?>;K, C18@0NB @, =02>4OB >1I89 ?>@O4>:. ;O AB@0=K: ?@>3@0<<0 ?> 74@02>>E@0=5=8N, @0728B8N @5<5A5;, @0728B8N <548F8=K 8 <548F8=A:8E =0C:, CAB@0=5=85 <5;:8E ?>3@5H=>AB59, A>F80;L=KE 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E =54>G5B>2 >;L=>9 ?@028B5;L, =5 A?>A>1=K9 =8 20BL. 072>@>2K20=85 >AB0B:>2 «AB@>OI53>AO 740=8O»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«!8>=A:8E 2». G5=L C4>1=0O ?>78F8O 28=>20B :B>-B>, 0 ;8HL 65@B2K M:A?5@8<5=B>2. / <=>3> ;5B 87CG0N >A<8G5A:85 0:>=K, 8, ?>25@LB5 <=5 =0 A;>2>, 4> B0:8E «C=8:0;L=KE», 3>2>@O, M:A?5@8<5=B>2 2 >A<>A5 =8:B> 8 =8:>340 =5 4>4C<05BAO, B0< =5B 4C@0:>2. A5 4C@0:8, :0: 8725AB=>, =0E>4OBAO =0 75<;5, B0: GB> 28=>2=8:>2 2A5E 154 =04> 8A:0BL 1;865 @O4>< A A>1>9 8 2=CB@8 A51O. K 8 B>;L:> 20BK 2> 2A5<, ?>B> 87 <=>65AB20 20@80=B>2 3>AC40@AB25==>3> @0728B8O B@048F8>==> 2K18@05< A0 ?>B>< 8 @0A?;0G8205A=CAL B53> A2>9AB20, 8<5NI59 >B=>H5=85 : 7=0:0< AC4L1K. > E>GC >3>2>@8BLAO, GB> 2 @50;L=>< <8@5 =5B =8:0:>9 <8AB8:8. 0 <8AB8:C =OB=K5 =0< O2;5=8O, ?>B> 5I5 =54>AB0B>G=> E>@>H> ?>7=0;8 5AB5AB25==K5 70:>=K 687=8 8 =5 =0CG8;8AL 45;0BL 2K2>4K > ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==KE A2O7OE. 5@54 B5< :0: :0:>5-B> A>1KB85 @50;87C5BAO 2> 2A59 A2>59 ?>;=>B5, 5 :@0B:0O D@03<5=B0@=0O ?@>:@CB:0. 0?@8<5@, =0ABC?;5=8N >A5=8 8 <0AA>2>?04C ?@54H5AB2C5B ?045=85 A 45@520 >4=>3>-548=AB25==>3> ?>65;B52H53> ;8AB0, =0ABC?;5=8N 25A=K - ?>O2;5=85 ?5@2KE ?5@5;5B=KE ?B8F. A;8 =01;N40NI89 70<5B8B ?5@2K9 ?040NI89 ;8AB 8 A45;05B 5AB5AB25==K9 2K2>4 > B><, GB> A:>@> =0ABC?8B >A5=L, =8:B> 65 =5 2>A:;8:=5B: «8AB8:0!» 8;8 «@>@>:!», ?>A:>;L:C 40==0O A2O7L 4;O =0A >G5284=0. 5 AB>;L >G5284=K A2O78 ?> 4@C38< A>1KB8O<, >A>15==> >B=>AOI825:0 8 >1I5AB20. 5:>B>@K5 =01;N40B5;L=K5 ;N48 C;02;820NB MB8 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==K5 A2O78 8 =07K20NB 8E 7=0:0<8 AC4L1K. @C385 >B=>AOB 8E : @07@O4C =0@>4=KE ?@8<5B 8 4065 AC525@89, E>BO 2 >A=>25 2A5E MB8E >?@545;5=89 ;568B >4=> 8 B> 65 ?5@5H54H55 2 >1;0ABL ?>4A>7=0=8O M5 ?>=8<0=85 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==KE A2O759 <564C A>1KB8O<8, =0 ?5@2K9 273;O4, =5 A2O70==K<8 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 8;8 A2O70==K<8 :>A25==K< >1@07><. !0<8< 2K18@0BL 2;0ABL =0< 5I5 =8:>340 =5 ?@8E>48;>AL, MB> =0H ?5@2K9 >?KB, 8 2K1>@ ?5@2>3> ?@57845=B0 >ACI5AB28;AO 2 B8?8G=> @CAA:>< 20@80=B5 - ?5@2K9 1;8= :><><. > =8GB> =5 <5H05B =0< A45;0BL E>BO 1K <8=8<0;L=K5 2K2>4K ?> B5< 65 A01K =5 ?>2B>@OBL A2>8E >H81>: 2 1C4CI5<. 5@54 871@0=85< 3-=0 ;LF8=0 =0 4>;6=>ABL ?@57845=B0 =0< 2A5< 1K; ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20= AF5=0@89 53> 1C4CI53> ?@02;5=8O, 1C:20;L=> :0: 2 :8=>, B>;L:> A ?>2KH5==>9 A:>@>ABLN ?@>:@CB:8 ;5=BK. A5 ?><=OB 53> ?045=85 A <>AB0 2 @5:C 8 =52@07C<8B5;L=K5 >1JOA=5=8O ?@8G8=K A2>53> ?045=8O. -B>B D0:B 2?>;=5 A>>B25BAB2>20; :@8B5@8O< «7=0:>2 AC4L1K». 0=4840B 2 ?@57845=BK 8 157 =>H8-B> =5 A?>A>15= ?5@59B8 ?> C7:>4=>3> 15@530 =0 4@C3>9, 0 A 10306>< B5< 1>;55. !0< C?045B 8 «=>HC» A2>N C@>=8B 2 4K E0>A0, =5 CB@C640O A51O 2@07C<8B5;L=K<8 >1JOA=5=8O<8. "0:8< 8 1K;> 53> ?@02;5=85 >B =0G0;0 4> :>=F0. -B>B A;CG09 >G5=L ?>CG8B5;5= 4;O @0728B8O =01;N40B5;L=>AB8 8 C<5=8O 45;0BL ?5@28G=K5 2K2>4K > B><, :>6=>, 0 :>25@OBL C?@02;5=85 AB@0=>9. 0@80=B>2 D@03<5=B0@=>9 ?@>:@CB:8 AC4L1K AB@0=K ?@8 B>< 8;8 8=>< ?@028B5;5 <>65B 1KBL 15AG8A;5==>5 <=>65AB2>. 01;N409B5 8 45;09B5 2K2>4K, =5 4>25@O9B5 A2>N AB@0=C B5<, :B> ?>?0405B 2 =5;5?K5 A8BC0F88, 70 :5< BO=5BAO H;59D 15AB>;:>2>AB8, =5@0715@8E8, :B> =5 A?>A>15= >1JOA=8BL ?@8G8=K A2>8E ?>ABC?:>2, :B> ;>2:> <0=8?C;8@C5B 20H8<8 M<>F8O<8, 83@0O =0 ?0@04>:A0E 8 =0 >1@075 2@030. 5 2K18@09B5 B5E, :B> A>>B25BAB2C5B A;01>ABO< 8 ?>@>:0< @CAA:>3> =0@>40 (>48= 87 ?C=:B>2 038B0F88 70 ;LF8=0), 0 2K18@09B5 B5E, :B> A>>B25BAB2C5B A8;5 8 ;CGH8< AB>@>=0< @CAA:>3> E0@0:B5@0. !8;L=K9 AB0=5B >?>@>9 A;01>3> >15AA8;8B. 5 2K18@09B5 3>2>@C=>2, B.5. B5E, 70 :5< =5B @50;L=KE 45;: :B> @01>B05B O7K:><, 2 B>< =5B M=5@389 A>7840=8O, 8, 1C4CG8 871@0=, >= =5 >?@02405B 20H8E =04564. A5E ?@5B5=45=B>2 =0 2;0ABL 2K :064K9 45=L 2848B5 ?> B5;52845=8N. "5E, 70 :>B>@K<8 AB>OB @50;L=K5 45;0, 1C:20;L=> 548=8FK, >H818BLAO 745AL B@C4=>. K ?5@568;8 ?5@8>4 65AB:>9 48:B0BC@K, B5?5@L ?>7=0;8 ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN AB>@>=C 1KB8O ?>;=K9 E0>A 8 <5@7>ABL 70?CI5=8O. >340 =0 ?@0:B8:5 C7=05BAO =5GB> ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5, ;N48 >1KG=> C<=5NB; A@02=820O ?@>B82>?>;>6=>AB8, 45;0NB >1J5:B82=K5 2K2>4K. >C<=52, >=8 >B:07K20NBAO >B :@09=>AB59 - :0: >B 65AB:>9 48:B0BC@K, B0: 8 >B AC4>@>6=>9, A?07<0B8G5A:>9 45<>:@0B88 - 8 8718@0NB 7>;>BCN A5@548=C, 2 @02=>9 AB5?5=8 ?@87=0NICN :0: F5==>ABL A2>1>4, B0: 8 =5>1E>48<>ABL 70?@5B>2. 45 2K?>;=ONBAO CA;>28O 70?@5B>2, B0< A>E@0=O5BAO $ , 0 >B:07 >B 70?@5B>2 8 >3@0=8G5=89 ;N1CN D>@B8G5A:CN 15AD>@<5==>ABL. 8 >48= @>48B5;L =5 A:065B A2>8< 45BO<: «5@8B5 AC25@5=8B5B0 8 A2>1>4K, A:>;L:> E>B8B5», B0: :0: 7=05B, GB> B0:0O «A2>1>40» 8A?>@B8B 4CHC @515=:0, 8 >= 2?>A;54AB288 AB0=5B 1@5<5=5< 4;O >1I5AB20. @>87=5AB8 ?>4>1=K5 A;>20 ?> >B=>H5=8N : @515=:C ?>>AB5@565BAO 4065 A0B25BAB25==K9 @>48B5;L. ">;L:> 0<18F8>7=K9 157C<5F, GL8 4=O, <>3 1@>A8BL B0:CN D@07C =0@>40< >3@><=>9 AB@0=K, 702O702 B5< A01;51;07=82 G5G5=A:89 =0@>4 ?>AC;0<8 =0 A2>1>4C (2:C?5 A 4@C38<8 :>@KAB=K<8 <0E8=0F8O<8), ;LF8= B5< A04283=C; 53> =0 1>@L1C 70 MBC A01>4C. ?>B>< >1JO28; 2>9=C < 65@B2 1C45B >?;0G5=> 53> 157-C<85. 3>@0E, :0: 8725AB=>, =04> 25AB8 A51O >G5=L >A<>B@8B5;L=>, =51>;LH0O ?@><0H:0 <>65B 2K720BL :0<=5?04. ABL ;8G=K5 3@5E8, ;8G=K5 701;C645=8O 8 >H81:8, >=8 8 >B@010BK20NBAO 8=48284C0;L=K< >1@07>< - >B 7 4> 49 45B (181;59A:85 A5 2;8ONI85 =0 A5<59=K9 8 @>4>2>9 M3@53>@, - >=8 >B@010BK20NBAO 4> A54L<>3> :>;5=0. A@>: >B@01>B:8 3@5E>2 15740@=KE 8 157-C<=KE ?>;8B8:>2 8AG8A;5= 2 490 ;5B, ?>A:>;L:C 8E 45O=8O >B@060NBAO =0 AC4L10E F5;KE =0@>4>2: «!5?@545;5=K 4;O =0@>40 B2>53> 8 A2OB>3> 3>@>40 B2>53>, GB>1K ?>:@KB> 1K;> ?@5ABC?;5=85, 70?5G0B0=K 1K;8 3@5E8 8 703;065=K 15770:>=8O» (0=.9:24). @5645 G5< @20BLAO : 2;0AB8 8;8 ?>:C?0BL 55 70 45=L38, =5 AB>8B ;8 704C<0BLAO =04 B5<, A:>;L:> 2@5<5=8 1C45B >B@010BK20BLAO >H81:0 ;N1>3> ?>;8B8:0 ;8G=> 8< 8 =0@>4>< 2 F5;>< ;8 25;8:0 F5=0 @0A?;0BK 70 0<18F88, =5:>ABL, 701;C645=8O 8 >H81:8 ?@028B5;59? ;LF8= =5 B>;L:> @07@CH8; !!! , >= A>459AB2>20; 8 @072@0I5=8N 53> =0@>4>2. 8E> 2>H;> 2 >B:@KBCN 425@L =0H53> 4><0, 25@>OB=>, A;8H:>< H8@>:> 55 >B:@K;8, =0@:>B8:8. ABL 2A5 ?@54?>AK;:8 : B> 8E> MB> C =0A ?@86825BAO 8 1C45B GC2AB2>20BL A51O 2>;L3>B=>, ?>B> A>>B25BAB2C5B =530B82=K< AB>@>=0< @CAA:>9 4CH8 - B>@<>70 =5 @01>B0NB. "0: GB> 70 :>@>B:>5 2@5 AC<<0@=><0=>2 65< >:070BLAO 2?5@548 ?;0=5BK 2A59, GB> G@520B> 453@040F859 8 2K@>645=85< =0F88. 0: =04 A5<59=K< @>4>< =0G8=05B BO3>B5BL @>: 157KAE>4=>3> 7;>?>;CG8O, >G5=L E>@>H> A:070; !0;BK:>2-)54@8= («>A?>40 >;>2;52K»): «4@C3, A;>2=> 2H0, =0?0405B =0 A5 =5273>40, =5 B> ?>@>: 8 =0G8=05B A> 2A5E AB>@>= 5ABL. 0A?>;705BAO ?> 2A5@30=87:@04K205BAO 2 A0G8B ?>:>;5=85 70 ?>:>;5=85<. >O2;ONBAO :>;;5:F88 A;01>A8;L=KE ;N48H5:, ?LO=8F, <5;:8E @072@0B=8:>2, 15AA;N1F52 8 2>>1I5 =5C40G=8:>2. G5< 40;LH5, B5< <5;LG5 2K@010BK20NBAO ;N48H:8, ?>:0 =0:>=5F =0 AF5=C =5 2KE>4OB EC4>A>G=K5 70<>@KH8..., :>B>@K5 ?@8 ?5@2>< 65 =0B8A:5 687=8 =5 2K45@6820NB 8 381=CB... 0 8 >= A0< (C4CH:0) ?> 2@5<5=0< :0: 1K GC2AB2>20;, GB> 2 ACI5AB2>20=88 53> 5ABL :0:>9-B> ?@>15;; GB> ?CAB>3>5, => =5 2A5. 8<5==>: =54>AB05B G53>-B> >3;CH0NI53>, >AB@>3>, :>B>@>5 >:>=G0B5;L=> C?@074=8;> 1K ?@54AB02;5=85 > 687=8 8 @07 =02A5340 2K1@>A8;> 1K 53> 2 ?CAB>BC& 0:>5-B> 3>@L:>5, 5 =0A;0645=85 GC2AB2>20;>AL 2 @07>1;0G5=88 MB8E >B@02, 2 8E @0AF5=:5 8 4065 ?@5C25;8G5=8OE. 8 2 ?@>H;><, =8 2 =0AB>OI5< =5 >:07K20;>AL =8 >4=>3> =@02AB25==>3> CAB>O, 70 :>B>@K9 <>6=> 1K;> 1K C45@60BLAO& ?> :0:>9-B> 3>@L:>9 =0A<5H:5 AC4L1K, 2 @57C;LB0B5 MB>9 AC@>2>9 H:>;K >:070;>AL =5 AC@>2>5 >B=>H5=85 : 687=8, 0 AB@0AB=>5 65;0=85 =0A;048BLAO 55 >B@020<8. !0<> A>1>9 @07C<55BAO, GB> 2 4><5 MB8 =>G=K5 ?>E>645=8O =5 <>3;8 >AB0BLAO B09=>9. 0?@>B82 B>3>, E0@0:B5@ 8E A@07C >?@545;8;AO =0AB>;L:> OA=>, GB> =8:>:070;>AL AB@0==K<, :>340 :B>-B> 87 4><>G04F52, ?> ?>2>4C MB8E ?>E>645=89, ?@>87=5A A;>2> "C3>;>2I8=0"... C4CH:0 A> AB@0E>< ?@8A;CH820;AO : MB8< @0748@0NI8< 72C:0< 8 C304K20;, GB> 8 : =565 845B 1540, :>B>@0O >:>=G0B5;L=> @074028B 53>. B>2AN4C, 87 2A5E C3;>2 MB>3> ?>ABK;>3> 4><0, :070;>AL, 2K?>;7;8 "C<5@B28O". C40 =8 2>945HL, 2 :0:CN AB>@>=C =8 ?>25@=5HLAO, 25745 H525;OBAO A5@K5 ?@87@0:8& 2A5 MB> E<5;L=>5, 1;C4=>5, 875, 8AB5:0NI55 :@>2LN& =04 2A5<8 MB8<8 ?@87@0:0<8 28B05B 682>9 ?@87@0:, 8 MB>B 682>9 ?@87@0: - =5 :B> 8=>9, :0: A0< >=, >@D8@89 ;048<8@KG >;>2;52, ?>A;54=89 ?@54AB028B5;L 2K<>@>G5==>3> @>40& ». !B@0H=> C7=020BL 2 MB8E AB@>:0E A0<8E A51O 8 =0H5 2>7<>6=>5 1C4CI55. >B ?>B> 8 =5 2KE>4OB C <5=O 87 3>;>2K A;>20 >4=>9 =0@:><0=:8: «0A AB0=>28BAO 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5, 8 =8G53> 2K A =0<8 =5 A45;05B5». '8A;> 65@B2 >B =0@:>B8:>2 8 ?LO=AB20 <>65B <=>3>:@0B=> ?@52KA8BL AC<<0@=>5 G8A;> 65@B2, =0G8=0O >B B0B0@>-<>=3>;LA:>3> 830 8 70:0=G820O AB0;8=A:8< B5@@>@><. A;8 >1I5AB2C =5 C40ABAO A?@028BLAO A ?@>1;5<>9 2 A@>: A5B =0G0;0 BKAOG5;5B8O, B.5. : 2049 3>4C, 5N 709< C@>2=5, 8 B>340 157=0456=K5 ?LO=8FK 8 =0@:><0=K AB0=CB ?5@2K<8 :0=4840B0<8 =0 2K1@>A 87 =>2>3> :@C30 =5>1E>48<>AB8, GB>1K >=8 =5 CAC3C1;O;8 8 157 B>3> C65 >BG5B;82> >1>7=0G82H55AO 2K@>645=85 G5;>25G5AB20. ;020 7. 8=0 8 :0@<0 @CAA:>3> =0@>40 8:0:0O 28=0 =5 <>65B 1KBL >4=>7=0G=>9, >=0 A;0305BAO :0: <8=8AB02;ONI8E 4CE>2=>9, <5=B0;L=>9 8 D878G5A:>9, 2708<>A2O70==KE <564C A>1>9. 0H0 4CE>2=0O 28=0 70:;NG05BAO 2 >B@5G5=88 >B A2>8E 4@52=5@CAA:8E :>@=59, B@048F89, >1@070 687=8 8 70:>=>2 1KB8O, 5AB5AB25==> A;>682H8EAO =0 CA8 70 <=>385 BKAOG5;5B8O, 8 ?@8=OB88 87 «@C:» 870=B88 ?A524>E@8AB80=A:>9 25@K, : B>:;OB>9 8<><. AB>@8: %I% 25:0 .. >;52>9, >1KG=> A45@60==K9 2 >F5=:0E, B0: >E0@0:B5@87>20; 2870=B89A:CN <>@0;L: «@02>A;0285 157 25@K, 25;8:>;5?85 157 A8;K, C< 157 =0C:8; A;020 2 ?@540=8OE, 15AA;0285 2 45;0E; 3>@4>ABL ?@8 C40G5, =87>ABL 2 1545; A;K A@548 F0@542>@F52, A<8@5==> ?>25@302H8EAO ?5@54 B@>=><, 8 B@>=, >15AA;02;5==K9 ?>@>:><, >:@>202;5==K9 C189AB20<8, ?>B@OA05N; 2>9A:>, 3>@4>5 8<5=5< @8<;O= 8 A>AB02;5==>5 87 =05<=KE 20@20@>2; 2AN4C @072@0B, E8I5=85, A2>5:>@KAB85 2A5 70 7>;>B>, 2A5 70 :>@KABL: B0:>20 1K;0 @5F8O, B0:>2 1K; &0@L3@04 2 % 25:5» (71@0==0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O ?@>70. ., 74-2> «@0240», 1990). 40;LH5 45;> >1KG=>5 45;>: A :5< ?>2545HLAO, >B B>3> 8 =015@5HLAO. =O7L ;048<8@, ?@8=8<0O >B 870=B88 4CE>2=>5 2>48B5;LAB2>, <>6=> A:070BL, ?>?0;AO =0 E8B@>C<=K9 B@N: 2@>45 /I8:0 0=4>@K, :>B>@K9 AB>8B B>;L:> @07 >B:@KBL, GB>1K ?>AK?0;8AL 154K; ?>B>< 53> =5 70:@>5HL. CAL =5 C4020;>AL >4>;5BL 8 ?>@01>B8BL =8:>340. 065 2 B5 2@5<5=0, :>340 2=5H=OO A8;0 >1@CH820;0AL =0 =55 B> A >4=>9, B> A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, >=0 >B@060;0 C40@K. >3> =5;L7O ?>:>@8BL >@C685<, B5E >1KG=> ?KB0NBAO ?>:>@8BL, @07@CH0O A8;C 4CE0. ?@>B82>AB>O=88 A 870=B859 CAL ?>ABC?8;0AL 4@52=8< =0:07>< (B0: G8B0NBAO 2 4@52=5@CAA:>< 0;D028B5 ;8B5@K 8 T). 5;838>7=K5 @0A?@8 @0A:0;K20;8 =0@>4, 1@0B ?>H5; =0 1@0B0, 548=>5 3>AC40@AB2> AB0;> @0A?040BLAO =0 >B45;L=K5 2@064CNI85 <564C A>1>9 :=O65AB20. @5645 G8AB0O, CAL 2A5 1>;LH5 >1@5<5=O;0AL 3@C7>< BO6:8E 3@5E>2; 55 3C18; 28B0NI89 =04 =59 4CE >B@5G5=89, C189AB2 8 ?@>:;OB89, 0 >A;01;5==CN 8 @07>1I5==CN AB@0=C ?>@01>B8BL A>2A5< =5B@C4=>. « 0745;O9 8 2;0AB2C9», - =587<5==0O AB@0B538O @8-2870=B89A:>9 8;CG5=85< 4CE>2=>9 2;0AB8 =04 =0@>4>< 870=B88 =8G53> =5 AB>8;> 2 ?>4E>4OI89 <><5=B 70B5OBL A2>73;0A8BL =0 @CAA:89 B@>= A2>53> AB02;5==8:0, :0: AB02;5==8:0 A0<>3> >A?>40 >30, 8 =0@>4 ?@87=0; 1K 53>, :0: ?@87=020; 2;0ABL <=>38E 8=>75<=KE A0<>720=F52. ">340 870=B8O C6 B>G=> 2KA>A0;0 1K 2AN :@>2CH:C 87 CA8, 254L 8<5==> B0: >=0 >1E>48;0AL A> 2A5<8 ?>:>@5==K<8 8 >1@0I5==K<8 2 A2>N 25@C AB@0=0<8. >E>65, GB> B0B0@>-<>=3>;LA:85 702>520B5;8, =5 AB@5<82H85AO : 4CE>2=>@01>I5=8N CA8, 1K;8 4;O =0A =5 B>;L:> <5=LH8< 7;><, => 8 A2>5>1@07=>9 70I8B>9 >B IC?0;LF52 870=B88. >;55 B>3>, 8<5==> B0B0@>-<>=3>;LA:>5 83> A?>A>1AB2>20;> >1J548=5=8N @07>1I5==>9 CA8, :0: MB> 2A5340 1K205B ?@8 ?@>B82>AB>O=88 D878G5A:8 A8;L=> 2@5<5=8 87102;5=8O >B B0B0@>-<>=3>;LA:>3> 830 870=B8O C65 1K;0 B@C?><, 8 =5 ?@54AB02;O;0 4;O =0A =8:0:>9 >?0A=>AB8. 0@04>:AK 8AB>@88. 0H0 «D878G5A:0O» 28=0 70:;NG05BAO 2 =5@0AB>@>?=>AB8 8 =5C<5=88 48=0<8G=> @5038@>20BL =0 7;>1C 4=O. 8B< 687=8 3>AC40@AB20 2 G5<-B> ?>E>6 =0 >1@07 687=8 =0H53> B>B5<=>3> 725@O <54254O. AN 78= A?8B, : 25A=5 ?@>AK?05BAO, 7;>9 8 3>;>4=K9 1@>48B ?> B0935 2 ?>8A:0E ?8I8, 70 ;5B> >BJ5405BAO, 4>1@55B, 0 ?>B>< >?OBL 2?0405B 2 A?OG:C. @0240, :>340 <54254L =5 A?8B, 2A5< ;5A=K< >18B0B5;O< OA=>, :B> E>7O8= 2 B0935. ?040BL 2 A?OG:C, :>340 =04> 459AB2>20BL 2>B =0H5 A;01>5 <5AB>. # A?OI53> 2A5 53> >@30=K >1KG=> DC=:F8>=8@CNB, => 2 70<54;5==>< @8B<5, A?8B ;8HL <>73. ">G=> B0: 8 2 =0H59 AB@0=5: «3>;>2=>9 <>73» A?8B, =5 65;0O ?5@5<5= 8 >1=>2;5=8O, 0 25AL =0@>4 =5E>BO ?>4G8=O5BAO 53> «83> =0 45AOB>5 2K?>;=OO A2>8 >1O70==>AB8. 5 @07@5H0552@5<5==> ?@>1;5=8, :0: 1>;57=8, ?5@5E>4OB 2 E@>=8G5A:CN D>@B>@CN ;5G8BL 8 4>;LH5 8 4>@>65. !0<>5 8=B5@5A=>5, GB> =07@52H85 ?@>1;5 =8E 3>2>@OB, =>: ?> >4=8< ?@>1;5<0< 40;LH5 A;>2 45;> =5 845B, 0 =0 ?CB8 @50;870F88 4@C38E >1KG=> 2AB0NB =5?@5>4>;8:@0B8G5A:85 ?@5?OBAB28O. !?OG:0 ?@>4>;605BAO 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 3>;>4 =5 2>7L<5B 70 3>@;>. A@>:0E 70?074K20=8O C65 ?@>O28;AO 70:>= 0@8D<5B8G5A:>9 ?@>3@5AA88: A >B<5=>9 :@5?>AB=>3> ?@020 8 22545=85< :>=AB8BCF88 ?>740;8 =0 100 ;5B, A ;815@0;870F859 70:>=>2 8 45<>:@0B8G5A:8<8 ?@5>1@07>20=8O<8 - =0 50 ;5B. >6=> =045OBLAO, GB> 2 A;54CNI89 @07 ?>7405< =5 1>;LH5 G5< =0 25 ;5B. >=5<=>3C 8A?@02;O540<8 A;CG05BAO 4@C3>5: ?>A?5H=> A?>E20BK205;>65=8O ?@54?@8=8<05< @5H8B5;L=K5 459AB28O, => 2 ?@O<> ?@>B82>?>;>6=>< =0?@02;5=88, :0: MB> 1K;> 2> 2@5<5=0 8:>;0O I, 8:>;0O II 8 ?@57845=B0 ;LF8=0. 'B> :0A05BAO <5=B0;L=>-4CE>2=>3> C@>2=O, BCB ?5@5G5=L 28=K 1>;LH>9. "0: :0: , AB0;> 1KBL, =0H8 45O=8O 8 1KB85 O2;ONBAO A;54AB285< =0H53> 1>9 F5?L =5?@5@K2=KE 154, 7=0G8B 3@>H F5=0 =0H59 9 45OB5;L=>AB8. K 28=>20BK 2 B><, GB> C?>@AB2C5< 2 A;5?>9 25@5 2 >30, =02O70==>3> =0< F5@:>2LN. K 28=>20BK 2 A0<>>1>;LI5=88 >B=>A8B5;L=> =5:>59 >A>1>9 <8AA88 =0@>40-1>3>=>AF0. K 28=>20BK 2 B><, GB> =5 ?>=8<05< A2>59 8AB>@88, GB> G5@=>5 ;53:> 2K405< 70 15;>5 8 =0>1>@>B. # =0A 8A:065==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O > B0:8E ?>=OB8OE, :0: 4>1@> 8 7;>, 8AB8=0 8 ;>6L. -B8 2>?@>AK 1C4CB 7040=K 2 A2>5 2@54C, =0< ?@54AB>8B 40BL =0 =8E >B25BK A59G0A, => ?@028;L=KE >B25B>2 C =0A, 2848<>, =5B. K 28=>20BK 2 B><, GB> A2>N 8AB>@8N 2>A?@8=8<05< =5 B@0=AF5=45=B=>, :0: ?CBL >B =0G0;0 4> :>=F0, 0 2 :@0B:>2@5<5==KE 8=B5@20;0E, >@85=B8@COAL =0 ;8G=>AB=K5 2K3>4K: 5A;8 2 MB>B ?5@8>4 ;8G=> <=5 68;>AL E>@>H>, 7=0G8B ?@028B5;L 1K; E>@>H89, 5A;8 ?;>E> ?;>E>9. B> AC1J5:B82=> =0720= ?;>E8<, B>3> @C305< >?B>< 8 2 @>7=8FC, A=>A8< 2>74283=CBK5 ?0 >B MB>3> =0H0 687=L AB0=5B ;CGH5. A5 MB> D>@<8@C5B :0@3> =0@>40, :>B>@CN A?@8=8<05< :0: =5:89 C60A=K9 M:A?5@8<5=B. "@C4>2>9 ;N4 ?>G8B0;AO B>;L:> 2> 2@5<5=0 O7KG5AB20. >B;8G85 >B >25O==>3> ;535=40@=>9 2>72KH5==>ABLN >1@070 1>30BK@O-?0E0@O 8:C;K !5;O=8=>28G0, >1@07 ?0E0@O F0@A:>9 CA8 MB> B>I5=L:89 : A 70EC40;>9 ;>H04:>9, =0;530NI89 =0 A>EC, 8 ?>4?8AL: «48= A A>H:>9, A5<5@> A ;>6:>9». ;O :>@<8;LF0 2A5O CA8 70:>= ?@54CA<0B@820; ;8HL @>738 40 :=CB, 0 BC=5O4F0< 2AO:>3> @>40, 2 B>< G8A;5 4CE>25=AB2C 8 =58AG8A;8<>9 =8I59 1@0B88, B>B 65 70:>= 30@0=B8@>20; 70I8BC 8 2A?><>65=85. ! @07@K2>< 2 BKAOGC ;5B @52>;NF8O A 55 84559 A>F80;L=>3> @025=AB20 2>7@>48;0 8 2>72KA8;0 =5 B>;L:> @CAA:>3> ?0E0@O, => 8 2>>1I5 B@C65=8:0, 8 2 MB>< ?@>O28;0AL 8AB8==0O 45<>:@0B8O. > 4CE>2=CN @52>;NF8>==CN 845N > A>F80;L=>< @025=AB25 9 B@0:B>2:5 <0B5@80;L=>3> C@>2=O: «2A5 27OBL 8 ?>45;8BL», 8 >AC48;8 55. K 4> A8E ?>@ =5 <>65< @07>1@0BLAO 2 B><, GB> 65 =0< 40;0 @52>;NF8O. @>2>73;0H5==K9 @52>;NF859 ;>7C=3 «!2>1>40, @025=AB2>, 1@0BAB2>» =0720= ;682K<, >=, O:>1K, 1K; 2K428=CB 1>;LH528:0<8, GB>1 A>1;07=8BL =0@>4. AB>@8:8 8 0=0;8B8:8 A >ACI5AB2;5=85< @52>;NF8>==>9 8458 @025=AB20 2A5E ;N459 4> =5:>B>@>9 AB5?5=8 5I5 A>3;0H0NBAO, 0 2>B 4>AB865=85 A2>1>4 :0B53>@8G5A:8 >B@8F0NB. !2>1>40 1K205B 42CE 284>2 2=CB@5==OO 8 2=5H=OO. =5H=OO A2>1>40 2A5340 >3@0=8G8205BAO 70:>=0<8, 48:BC52=5< A>7=0=8O A>F8C<0, 0 2 ?>A;5@52>;NF8>==>5 2@5 2@59 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K 1K;> =5 4> 2=5H=8E A2>1>4. >340 :@8B8G5A:0O D070 <8=>20;0, =8GB> =5 <5H0;> AB@0=5 ?@8=OBL =>2K5, 1>;55 A2>1>4=K5 70:>=K 1KB8O. > 2;0AB8, 2 A8;C A2>59 A;5?>BK, 02B>@8B0@87<0 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E 0<18F89, =5 >15A?5G8;8 =5>1E>481>4K, 0 =0@>4 >:070;AO =0AB>;L:> ?0AA82=K< 8 ;8H5==K< GC2AB20 A>1AB25==>3> 4>AB>8=AB20, GB> 4065 =5 ?KB0;AO, 70 8A:;NG5=85< >B45;L=KE 48AA845=B>2, ?@>B5AB>20BL ?@>B82 ?@>872>;0 2;0AB59. ">B D0:B, GB> >1I5AB2> >:070;>AL =5 3>B>2K< : >BAB0820=8N A2>8E ?@02 8 A2>1>4, ?>=OBL <>6=>, 40 B>;L:> ?@8 G5< 745AL @52>;NF8O 8 1>;LH528:8? 52>;NF8O AB0;0 C =0A G5<-B> 2@>45 «:>7;0 >B?CI5=8O», 5I5 >4=8< C4>1=K< ?>2>4>< 4;O >?@0240=8O ?0AA82=>3> >6840=8O @09A:>9 687=8, :>B>@CN :B>-B> =0< 4>;>65= >15A?5G8BL, >?@0240=8O 2A5E A>F80;L=KE 87JO=>2, M:>=><8G5A:8E 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E ?@>20;>2, :0: 8 <8AA8>=5@A:85 ?@8BO70=8O. 'B> 65 :0A05BAO 2=CB@5==59 A2>1>4K, B> >=0 >?@545;O5BAO AB5?5=LN 7028A8<>AB8 >B 2=CB@5==53> @010, 682CI53> 2 :064>< G5;>25:5. =CB@5==89 @01 68; 2 4CH0E ?>402;ONI53> 1>;LH8=AB20 ;N459 4>@52>;NF8>==>9 >AA88, =0 2A5E 55 A>F80;L=KE C@>2=OE, =0 ?@>BO65=88 BKAOG8 ;5B. @8G5< :@5?>AB=K5, «A:@NG5==K5 ?>28=>25=85< 8 ?@540==>ABLN», ?> 2K@065=8N !0;BK:>20-)54@8=0, 1K;8 3>@074> 1>;55 A2>1>4=K >B A2>53> 2=CB@5==53> @010, G5< G8=>2=8:8, 42>@O=5 8 ?@>G85 3>A?>40, GLO AC4L10 ?>;=>ABLN 7028A5;0 >B 2KH5AB>OI8E G8=>2. > =5?8A0=K< ?@028;0< @CAA:>3> >1I5AB20 ?@>42865=85 ?> A;C615 =5 ?@54AB02;O;>AL 2>7<>6=K< 157 C3>4=8G5AB20, 27OB>G=8G5AB20 8 708A:820=8O ?5@54 02B>@8B5B0<8 8 G8=0<8. @5?>AB=K5 65 C=860;8AL 8 :;0=O;8AL A2>8< 3>A?>40< 8A:;NG8B5;L=> «?> ?>AB0=>2;5=8N >?G5AB20» (8=0G5 @>738), 0 <=>385 2>>1I5 2>A?@8=8<0;8 8E :0: 8710;>20==KE 45B59, A>25@H5==> =5 ?@8A?>A>1;5==KE : A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 687=8. 1@5B5=85 2=CB@5==59 A2>1>4K ?@>F5AA 4;8B5;L=K9 8 2>>1I5 B@C4=> @50;87C5;6=> ?@>9B8 <=>3> 2@5<5=8, ?@5645 G5< @01, 4065 1C4CG8 >A2>1>645= >B F5?59 @01AB20, AB0=5B ?> A2>59 2=CB@5==59 ACI=>AB8 A2>1>4=K< G5;>25:><. !:>;L =8 3>2>@8 A515: «A0E0@, A0E0@», >B MB>3> 2> @BC A;0I5 =5 AB0=5B, A:>;L =8 C156409 A51O: «@01K =5 2=CB@5==59 A2>1>4K =5 24@C3 >1@5B5BAO. I5 .. '5E>2 A>25B>20; 2A5< @CAA:8< ?> :0?;5 2K402;820BL 87 A51O @010. 52>;NF8O 40;0 : B>;G>: : >A2>1>645=8N >B >:>2 25BE>@568<=>3> @01AB20, 2=5H=53> 8 2=CB@5==53>, >15A?5G8;0 ?@54?>AK;:8, =C 0 :0: ?>945B MB>B ?@>F5AA, 7028A8B 254L =5 >B @52>;NF88, 0 >B A0<8E ;N459. 0:85-B> @57C;LB0BK ?> >A2>1>645=8N >B BKAOG5;5B=53> 2=CB@5==53> @01AB20 2 =0H5< >1I5AB25 5ABL, 8 E>BO 5I5 4>AB0B>G=> <=>3> ;N459 A ?A8E>;>3859 @010, >A>15==> 2 25@E=8E A;>OE >1I5AB20, => 2A5 65 8E 3>@074> <5=LH5, G5< 1K;> 4> @52>;NF88. 0 8 G8A;> AB5?5=59 A2>1>4K 2 =0H5< >1I5AB25 ?>A;5 @52>;NF88 7=0G8B5;L=> 2>7@>A;> (2K1>@ ?@>D5AA88, CG51=>3> 702545=8O, 4@C759, A?CB=8:0 687=8), => 3> =5 E>B8< ?@87=020BL, B.5. >1<0=K205< A0<8 A51O. "> 65 A0<>5 <>6=> A:070BL 8 >1 8455 1@0BAB20 2A5E ;N459. # @010 <=>3> ?@>O2;5=89 AB@0E, C3>4=8G5AB2>, 708A:820=85, 7028ABL, ;5ABL, ?>4E0;8, ?@540B5;LAB2>, ?>4;>ABL, ?@>406=>ABL, G8=>?>G8B0=85, ?>4@060=85, 7;>C?>B@51;5=85 A;C651=K< ?>;>65=85< 8 2>>1I5 7028A8<>ABL ;N1>3> @>40. N@>:@0B8O B>65 ?@>O2;5=85 @01AB20, ?>B> 1N@>:@0B 7028A8B >B F8@:C;O@0 8, =5 1C4CG8 A?>A>15= ?@8=8<0BL A0<>AB>OB5;L=K5 @5H5=8O 87 AB@0E0 :0: 1K G53> =5 2KH;>, 2A5340 459AB2C5B 2 @0<:0E «>B» 8 «4>»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«A2OBK<8 ?>42830<8». B> 2@5340 =0@>4 8 0@<8O 3>;>40;8, :>340 =0 D@>=B5 =5 E20B0;> >@C68O 8 A=0@O4>2, :>340 @0=5=K5 70682> 3=8;8 157 ?5@52O7>: 8 <548:0<5=B>2, «A2OB0O» ;8A0 B09=> ?5@52>48;0 =0 A2>N @>48=C :@C?=K5 AC<:A 2 B><, GB> =0@>4 AC48B >1 8AB>@88 3>@074> 25@=55, G5< 25@E8, :>B>@K5 B> ;8 =5 G8B0NB :=83 @CAA:8E ?8A0B5;59, B> ;8 8AB>@8N =5 7=0NB, B> ;8 2 8E A>7=0=88 GB>-B> ?5@525@=CB>, B> ;8 GC2AB2> ;8G=>9 28=K ?5@8>48G5A:8 2K7K205B C =8E AC4>@>38 ?>:0O=8O. !8;0 2>7459AB28O :C<8@>2 =0 :>;;5:B82=>5 A>7=0=85 8 <0AA0 <0B5@80;0 4;O A>B2>@5=8O 8E 87>1@065=89 A O7KG5A:8E 2@5<5= 87<5=O;8AL ?> =0@0AB0NI59 8 4>AB83;8 <0:A84 48:B0BC@K !B0;8=0. -B> 1K;0 ?@545;L=0O 3@0=8F0 ?> :C<8@870F88, ?>A;5 :>B>@>9 ?@>F5AA =587156=> 4>;65= 1K; ?>9B8 2 >1@0B=CN AB>@>=C 2 AB>@>=C 8E @0725=G0=8O, >4=8E @0=LH5, 4@C38E ?>765. # =0F88, A>AB>OI59 87 8=48284CC<>2 A B25@4K< 8 OA=K< C<><, A>740=85 :C;LB0 =52>7<>6=>. 5 >1O70B5;L=> 4065, GB>1 2A5 1K;8 74@02>AB0B>G=> 8<5BL G8A;> GCBL 2KH5 :@8B8G5A:>3>. "0: GB> =8 5=8=, =8 !B0;8= =5 O2;ONBAO ?@8G8=0<8 :C;LB0. @8G8=0 2 =0H8E C<0E, 254L :C;LB A>7405BAO :>;;5:B82=K< A>7=0=85<. -B> 1>;57=L :>;;5:B82=>3> @07C<0, 0 70@065=85 8 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 MB>9 1>;57=8 =0G0;>AL A >1JO2;5=8O >:>;> BKAOG8 ;5B =0704 3;02=>3> ?@020 4;O @CAA:>3> =0@>40 ?@020 =0 AB@0E >689, =0 AB@0E ?5@54 F0@O<8 8 «1>;O@0<8», ?>B> >=8 «>3>< ACBL CG8=5=K», 8 65AB>:8<8 @0A?@020<8 A B5<8, :B> MB> «?@02>» >B25@30;. #6 :>;L MB> 1>;57=L :>;;5:B82=>3> @07C<0, 55 8 =04> ;5G8BL :0: 1>;57=L, ?>B> =8:0:0O =0F8O =5 A<>65B @072820BLAO A2>1>4=> 8 =5 =0CG8BAO 68BL ?>-G5;>25G5A:8 4>AB>9=>, 5A;8 >=0, @O2:=8 :0: A;54C5B, BCB 65 1568B =0 ?;>I048 A ?>@B@5B0<8 =>2>3> :C<8@0. > 87;5G8BL >B BKAOG5;5B=53> AB@0E0 =5;53:>, ?@8 >1KG=>9 B5@0?88 48=0<8:0 2K74>@>2;5=8O 1C45B >G5=L <54;5==>9. ABL >48= ?@>25@5==K9 8 MDD5:B82=K9 @5F5?B 87 H>:>2>9 B5@0?88 :;8= 2KH810NB :;8=><, >B AB@0E0 87;5G820NB 5I5 1>;LH8< AB@0E><. !B0;8=, AB02 ?>A;54=8< :C<8@><, >4=>2@5<5==> AB0; 8 A@54AB2>< B0:>9 H>:>2>9 B5@0?88. >3C ?@54AB028BL A515 07C<0 ?> MB>2>4C: «@>AB8B5, <>;, <5=O, ;N48 4>1@K5, => =5B 2@5<5=8 640BL, :>340 2K 5AB5AB25==K< ?CB5< 871028B5AL >B A2>53> E@>=8G5A:>3> =54C30, 254L 4;O G5;>25G5AB20 =0ABC?0NB A>25@H5==> 4@C385 2@5<5=0, 0 A B0:8< A>AB>O=85< C<>2 20< 2 =>2>< G5;>25G5AB25 <5AB0 =5 =0945BAO». !>3;0A8B5AL, GB> ;N1>3>, ?5@5682H53> AB0;8=A:CN 48:B0BC@C, =0?C30BL :0:>9 1K B> =8 1K;> 2;0ABLN, 1>3>< 8;8 G5@B>< 4>2>;L=> B@C4=>, ;N1K5 :0=4840BK =0 AB0BCA =>2>3> :C<8@0 2K7>2CB C =53> ;8HL 8@>=8G=CN C;K1:C. > CA?5E ?> 87;5G5=8N =04> 1K;> 70:@5?8BL 4>?>;=8B5;L=K<8 M<>F8>=0;L=K<8 ?5@56820=8O<8 =0@>40. :0G5AB25 B0:>9 <5@K >B;8G=> 70@5:><5=4>20;0 A51O A<5E>B5@0?8O. >340 C @C;O 2;0AB8 2 HCB:C 1K; ?>AB02;5= 4 =0CG8;AO A<5OBLAO :0: =04 A>1>9, B0: 8 =04 2;0ABLN. 0 70:;NG8B5;L=>< 65 MB0?5 2K74>@>2;5=8O A8;8AL =0 A>25@H5==> =5AB0=40@B=CN ?@>F54C@C, :>340 2;0ABL =5 2K7K20;0 C =0@>40 =8:0:8E GC2AB2, :@><5 ABK40 8 >B2@0I5=8O. A;8 ?>A;5 B0:>9 B@5EABC?5=G0B>9 B5@0?88, ?@>4>;602H59AO ?>GB8 AB> ;5B, :>;;5:B82=K9 @07C< =5 >74>@>28BAO, =5 871028BAO >B AB@0E>2 8 A:;>==>AB8 : :C<8@>B2>@G5AB2C, 7=0G8B 2 1C4CI5< =0< ?@54AB>8B ?@>9B8 2A5 >74>@>28B5;L=K5 ?@>F54C@K ?> 2B>@> =5 A@07C, 0 A?CABO 2@5 2?5@548 2@5<5=8 <=>3>. 0:>2 65 @57C;LB0B ?5@2>3> MB0?0 ?@8=C48B5;L=>3> ;5G5=8O? 5?;>E>9. %>BO :0:0O-B> G0ABL :>;;5:B82=>3> @07C<0 2A5 5I5 >AB0;0AL ?>@065==>9 (<=>38E 5I5 BO=5B : A>B2>@5=8N =>2>3> :C<8@0), => 74>@>2KE :;5B>: 2A5 65 1>;LH5, G5< 1>;L=KE. =0G8B5;L=0O G0ABL =>2>3> ?>:>;5=8O 2>>1I5 A2>1>4=0 >B AB@0E>2 :0: ?5@54 1>3><, B0: 8 ?5@54 2;0ABLN, >=8 =5 70@065=K MB8< 28@CA><, ?@8G5< MB> =5 =838;87<, 0 2?>;=5 B@5720O 8 >A>7=0==0O ?>78F8O. 0 8 =0 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 0@5=5 C65 ?>O2;ONBAO 1>9FK A :C;0G:0<8 =03>B>25, ?@0240 8E @50:F88 G0AB> A>>B25BAB2CNB ?>A;>28F5: «1653H8AL =0 3>@OG5< <>;>:5, 4C5B =0 E>;>4=CN 2>4C». # 48:B0BC@K, :0: C ;N1>3> ?@8@>4=>3> 8 A>F80;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0, :0: O C65 3>2>@8;0, 5ABL A2>8 70:>=K. >AA88 2 B5G5=85 1;8609H8E 150-200 ;5B 48:B0BC@0 =5 3@>78B, 0 40;LH5 2A5 1C45B 7028A5BL >B =0H53> 1KB8O, A>AB>O=8O =0H8E C<>2 8 =0<5@5=89 A>A54=8E AB@0=. 5B =8 >4=>9 AB@0=K 2 <8@5, :>B>@0O 4> B0:>9 AB5?5=8 1K;0 1 3>@0740 ?5@8>48G5A:8 ?;520BL 2 :>;>45F, 87 :>B>@>3> ?L5B. !>25@H82 :0:>9-=81C4L 2KA>G09H89 ?>4283 35@>87<0 8 1K;> =5 @07 =0 ?@>BO65=88 =0H59 8AB>@88, < 3@C4L :>;5A><. MB> E>@>H>. ;>E> 4@C3>5. !> 2@5<5=5< 35@>8:0 BCA:=55B, AB0=>28BAO ?@82KG=>9 8 4065 10=0;L=>9 B5<>9. C6=> GB>-B> A2565=L:>5, 8 MB> A2565=L:>5 =0E>48BAO. 0:>9-=81C4L «=5?@5427OBK9 8 >1J5:B82=K9» 8AA;54>20B5;L ?C1;8:C5B =>2K5 273;O4K =0 8AB>@8N 8 =07K205B :>=:@5B=KE 28=>2=KE. @52>;NF88, : ?@8<5@C, 28=>20B 5=8=, 2 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=5 - !B0;8=. E>BO :064K9 8AB>@8: 7=05B, GB> =8:0:85 :@C?=K5 8AB>@8G5A:85 A>1KB8O =5 ?@>8AE>4OB 157 A>2>:C?=>AB8 M:>=><8G5A:8E, A>F80;L=KE, <>@0;L=KE, <5=B0;L=KE 8 4CE>2=KE ?@54?>AK;>: : =8<, AB@>9 8AB>@8:>2, ?8A0B5;59 8 6C@=0;8AB>2 @072>@0G8205BAO =0 180 3@04CA>2, D>@<8@CO =>2>5 >1I5AB25==>5 <=5=85 ?> ?@>H54H8< 8AB>@8G5A:8< A>1KB8O<. #AB0=>2;5==KE =0:>=5F-B> 28=>2=8:>2 =0G8=0NB >128=OBL 2> 2A5E A<5@B=KE 3@5E0E AB>;L 65 A0<>70125==>, A:>;L @0=55 ?@52>7=>A8;8. 1J5:B82=>9 A5@548=K =5B, 5ABL A>25@H5==> =54>?CAB8@8G5A:8E >F5=:0E @048:0;87<: ;81> ?@52>7=5AB8 4> =515A, ;81> 2B>?B0BL 2 3@O7L. @O7L ?@8 MB>< ;L5BAO ?>B>:0<8: C 5=8=0 1K; =0A;54AB25==K9 A8D8;8A 8 2>>1I5 454 52@59, 52 ">;AB>9 2;N1;O;AO 2 959 8 B0: 40;55. =5 1577C1K5 AB0@CE8 @07=>AOB MB8 A?;5B=8, 0 B5, GB> AG8B0NB A51O ?0B@8>B0<8 >AA88 8 >1I5AB25==K<8 45OB5;O<8. 8:B> =5 ?@>B82 8AB>@8G5A:>9 ?@024K. > :>340 MB0 ?@0240 H0@0E05BAO 87 AB>@>=K 2 AB>@>=C, :>340 A;54AB285< MB>3> H0@0E0=LO O2;O5BAO C=8GB>65=85 ?0B@8>B8G5A:8E GC2AB2, ?>O2;5=85 =0F8>=0;L=>9 1@573;82>AB8, 8AB>@8G5A:89 20=40;87<, @07@CH5=85 ?0